Volume 12 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Behaviour modification is a systematic approach to understanding and changing Behaviour through the application of principles derived from psychology, particularly Behaviourism. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, principles, techniques, and applications of Behaviour modification in various settings. Drawing on principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive-Behavioural theory, Behaviour modification interventions aim to increase desired Behaviours and decrease undesired ones by manipulating environmental factors and consequences. The paper discusses the importance of functional Behavioural assessment (FBA) in identifying the underlying function of Behaviour and tailoring interventions accordingly. It also examines the role of reinforcement, punishment, shaping, prompting, modelling, and cognitive restructuring in Behaviour modification. Applications of Behaviour modification in clinical psychology, education, parenting, organizational management, and self-improvement programmes are explored, highlighting its effectiveness in addressing a wide range of Behavioural challenges and promoting positive Behaviour change. Finally, the paper discusses ethical considerations, limitations, and future directions in the field of behaviour modification.Behaviour modification is a systematic approach to understanding and changing Behaviour through the application of principles derived from psychology, particularly Behaviourism. It involves identifying target Behaviours, assessing their antecedents and consequences, and implementing interventions to increase desired Behaviours and decrease undesired ones. Key principles include operant conditioning, classical conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive-behavioural theory. Techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, shaping, prompting, modelling, and cognitive restructuring are commonly used to modify behaviour. Behaviour modification is applied in various settings, including clinical psychology, education, parenting, organizational management, and self-improvement programmes, to address a wide range of behavioural challenges and promote positive behaviour change. Ethical considerations, limitations, and future directions in the field are also important aspects to consider when implementing behaviour modification interventions.

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 Keywords

Behaviour therapy, Applied Behaviour analysis, Operant conditioning, Target Behaviours, Antecedents, Consequences, Reinforcement, Punishment, Shaping, Modelling, Cognitive restructuring, Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Extinction, Behavioural interventions

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The Local Train commuters in Mumbai face a tremendous amount of crowd while travelling in rush hours of the day, which usually leads to many commuters standing for the entire duration of travel in a cramped space or sitting in awkward postures, for a long time that over a course of period inevitably leads to musculoskeletal pain in some form or another. Objective: To find the joints and areas involved most commonly in local train commuters using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and to have a gender biased discrimination on the joints involved. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted on 384 local train commuters in Mumbai. Dadar and Thane railway stations were targeted for recruitment of participants. Convenience sampling was used for the same. Both male and female participants above the age of 18, who had been travelling for more than a year and had a single travel route of an hour or more were included in the study. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: A total of 384 responses were collected from local train commuters, amongst which 60% were female and 40% were male participants. 86% commuters experienced pain while 14% did not. Neck was the most affected area (37%) while elbow was the least affected (2%). The gender biased study pointed towards females having more cases of pain in each involved joint. Conclusion: The present study indicates that 86% Mumbai local train commuters have experienced a degree of musculoskeletal pain from travelling.

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Musculoskeletal pain, Mumbai local train commuters

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Machine learning methods have transformed healthcare by enabling precise and prompt disease prediction. Predicting multiple diseases simultaneously can greatly enhance early detection and treatment,improving patient outcomes and lowering healthcare expenses. This system examines the use of machine learning algorithms in predicting multiple diseases, addressing their advantages, obstacles, and future prospects.It provides an overview of various machine learning models and data sources commonly employed for diseaseprediction, emphasizing the significance of feature selection, model assessment, and the fusion of multiple datatypes for improved disease prediction. Research findings underscore the promise of machine learning in multi-disease prediction and its potential to advance public health.

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Machine learning,Emphasizing

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Institutions annually witness a significant number of graduating students requiring clearance from various departments, a process traditionally executed through physical visits to different offices. However, this conventional method is marred by inefficiencies including time consumption, staff unavailability, and data management issues. To address these shortcomings, an online clearance system was developed, utilizing modern web technologies. The system, developed with Angular for the frontend and Node.js for the backend, along with MongoDb for database design, revolutionizes the clearance process. Incorporating Angular for the frontend enhances user experience with its dynamic and responsive interface, while Node.js ensures efficient data processing and server-side operations. Evaluation involving 500 students and 60 staff members yielded promising results, with approximately 90.1%, 92.8%, and 95.3% affirming its usability, service delivery convenience, and accessibility, respectively. This research underscores the system's efficacy in facilitating efficient and effective clearance procedures, enhancing the institution's administrative workflow.

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virtual clearance gateway, Angular, Node.js, Accessibility

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E-resources are valuable resources for 21st century learners. In the digital age, ICT is regarded as the backbone of entire teaching learning process. The main objective of the study is to study the awareness and usability of E-resources for undergraduate students. The study was conducted by following survey method, in which a sample of 60 students were selected through convenience sampling. Self -developed tool was used for data collection. The findings of the study highlight that students of non-govt. aided institutions are moderately aware about E-Books, E-Journals and their usability. So, E-resources has significant implications for enhancing the potentialities of the learners.

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ICT, E-resources, awareness, availability, usability and undergraduate students.

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This abstract presents a novel method that makes use of drones and image processing tools to identify medicinal plants in distant forest areas. With the help of the Jupyter IDE and Python programming language, the study uses the Vgg19 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to accurately identify plants. Drones can be used to explore inaccessible areas, which improves conservation and biodiversity monitoring initiatives. Real-time analysis is made possible by the integration of image processing techniques, which helps researchers and conservationists make decisions quickly. In the end, our approach promises to transform the identification and monitoring of medicinal plants, supporting biodiversity preservation and sustainable resource management.

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Image processing , Vgg19 , Areal drone detection

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Abstract- The emergence of electric cars (EVs) in India has positive implications for the future of the transportation business. India is one of the globe's marketplaces for automobiles that are expanding at a rapid pace, and the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) there could have a major impact on the economics, environment, and energy security of the entire country. India dominates the world in EV usage for many causes. By 2030, the Indian government wants to electrify 30% of all vehicles on the road. The government has made several pronouncements to that effect, including tax rebates, financial aid, and expenditures in infrastructure for charging. In addition, EVs offer a number of benefits over conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) cars, including reduced operating costs, fewer pollutants, and increased energy efficiency. These benefits are particularly important in India, where fuel costs fluctuate and air pollution is a serious public health issue. The introduction of EVs in India still encounters a number of issues. They involve a dearth of infrastructure for charging, a small variety of EV models, and expensive initial expenses for EVs. The Indian government continues to attempt to boost the nation's charging infrastructure, encourage indigenous EV production, and offer incentives for EV usage to resolve these problems. In conclusion, India's increasing adoption of electric vehicles has the potential to completely transform the country's transportation sector and clear the way for a more flourishing and environmentally friendly future. Even though there are still issues to be resolved, the Indian government's commitment to electric transportation and consumers' growing interest in EVs indicate that the technology has a promising future. The introduction of EVs in India still encounters a number of issues. They involve a dearth of infrastructure for charging, a small variety of EV models, and expensive initial expenses for EVs. The Indian government continues to attempt to boost the nation's charging infrastructure, encourage indigenous EV production, and offer incentives for EV usage to solve issues.

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EV

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Phytochemical Analysis, DPPH, ABTS, Free Radical Scavenging, Anti Pyretic Activity

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???? ??? ???-???? ??? ????????? ????? (??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???) ???? ??? ???-???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???-???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ???? -??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??, ???????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????- ????????? ?? ???? '????? ???? ???? ?' ?? ?? ??? ???? - "???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???, ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???"1 ???????????????????? ???? ??? ???? ???-???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???-???? ??? ???????? ??? ? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ????, ?????? ??? ?? '? ????? ????????????? ?? ?? ??? ?'?7. ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????-???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? - ????????? , ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????-?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??; ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???- ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????8. ????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??????-??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? '????? ?????' '?? ??????' ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??'?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????" ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ? '?????? ?? ?? ?? ???' 16. ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ??-?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? - ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? 17. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????" '????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? 18. ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?" ?? 19. ????? ??'?? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??' ????? ??? ???? ?????? (????) ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? (???) ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? '??????????? ?? ?? ??? 20. ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? "???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? 1. ??.?. ????????????? ?? ? ???????, ????????, ?.? 27? 2. ?????? , ?.? 27-281 3.?.????? ??? ?? ??? ??? , ????? ???????? ??431. 4.?????? , ?.? 271 | 5.?.???.?.? ??? ., ??????? ?????, ?.? 217? 6.Water W. Skeat. Etymological Dictionary of the English Language oxford and Edition, 1883. 7.???????, ?????? ????,??? 180/131 8.?.? . ?????? ?????- 4. ?.? 2? 9.. ?????? , ?.?459. ?.? 195 10..?.? . ?????- 41/2/?.? 14.?

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?????? ?????, ?? ??? ? ?????? ?????,,, ??????? ???? ??? ,????????

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This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the role and challenges faced by the police within the criminal justice system of India. It traces the historical evolution of law enforcement in India from its colonial origins, emphasizing the transition to a modernized system post-independence. The multifaceted responsibilities of the police, including crime prevention, investigation, maintenance of law and order, and protection of human rights, are meticulously analyzed within the context of the Indian legal framework. The study scrutinizes key legislative acts such as the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, elucidating their impact on policing practices. Furthermore, the paper identifies and explores the myriad challenges confronting the Indian police force, ranging from staffing shortages and outdated laws to corruption and lack of modern resources. It proposes a series of comprehensive reforms aimed at addressing these challenges, encompassing enhancements in manpower, infrastructure, training, and accountability measures. By advocating for these reforms, the paper underscores the imperative of establishing a professional, accountable, and effective police force to uphold the rule of law and maintain public trust in India's criminal justice system, thereby contributing to a safer and more just society for all its citizens.

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Indian police, criminal justice system, law enforcement, crime prevention, investigation, law and order, human rights, legal framework, challenges, reforms, accountability, professionalism, infrastructure, staffing shortages, corruption.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition