Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

The political status of women in India has undergone significant transform since independence, yet challenges remain in achieving true gender parity. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality and the introduction of affirmative actions such as reservation of seats in local governance through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, women's representation in higher political offices remains limited. Social norms, gender-based discrimination, lack of access to resources and patriarchal structures continue to hinder women's active political participation. However, the increasing visibility of women in grassroots politics and the growing number of female political leaders signal a shift toward greater inclusivity. This is examines the historical context, current trends, legislative measures and the socio-cultural barriers impacting the political empowerment of women in India, it highlights the need for sustained efforts, including political education, institutional reforms and gender sensitive policymaking, to ensure equitable participation of women in India's democratic processes.

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 Keywords

Political, Women, Participation, Equal, Rights, Discrimination.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) play a crucial role in modern electronic systems by transforming real-world analog signals into digital data for further processing. Among the various ADC architectures, the Flash ADC is particularly notable for its exceptionally fast conversion speed, making it ideal for applications that demand real-time performance, such as high-speed data communication and signal acquisition systems. However, the inherent use of numerous comparators in Flash ADCs leads to increased power consumption and design complexity. This paper presents the design and simulation of a 4-bit Flash ADC using 180nm CMOS technology, developed and analyzed within the Cadence EDA environment. The study provides valuable insights into the practical aspects of implementing high-speed, power-aware mixed-signal circuits, offering guidance for designers working on performance-critical systems.

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 Keywords

Flash ADC, Resistor ladder, Comparator, Encoder

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT: Particle delivery systems have attracted significant research interest over recent decades as carriers for both small and large molecules in drug delivery. Among these systems, nanoparticles have shown remarkable potential to modify and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various therapeutic agents. Nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, offer promising avenues for targeted and controlled drug delivery. This review explores recent advancements in nanotechnology applied to drug and gene delivery. To address the limitations of conventional delivery methods, nano-based systems with diverse compositions and biological properties have been extensively investigated. These include polymeric, metallic, ceramic, and carbon-based nanoparticles, each demonstrating specific advantages in biomedical applications. Nanoparticles (NPs), defined as particles with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, exhibit distinct physical and chemical behaviors owing to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio and nanoscale size. Their optical, mechanical, and reactive properties are highly size- and shape-dependent, influencing their performance in various applications. For instance, variations in nanoparticle size affect their optical properties, producing unique colorations due to light absorption in the visible spectrum. Given their versatility, nanoparticles are utilized in a broad spectrum of fields including medical imaging, targeted drug delivery, environmental remediation, energy research, and catalysis. However, concerns arise with heavy metal-based nanoparticles, such as those containing lead, mercury, or tin, due to their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity. These challenges highlight the need for sustainable and biocompatible nanoparticle design in future research and applications.

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Key point: Definition, Types of Nanoparticles, Advantages, Mechanism of Drug Release, Targeting Strategies, Applications, Challenges, Recent Advances

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Storyboarding is a crucial pre-production tool used across the film, animation, video game, and advertising industries. It functions as a visual blueprint that maps out the narrative flow, visual composition, timing, and transitions between scenes. This paper explores the historical development, theoretical frameworks, techniques, and contemporary practices in storyboarding. It examines the storyboard's role in bridging the gap between script and visual execution, analyzes its evolution with digital tools, and assesses its significance as both an artistic and communicative medium. Through a review of literature and case studies, the study emphasizes the storyboard's interdisciplinary value and its ongoing relevance in modern visual storytelling. An essential visual tool for pre-production in multimedia, animation, television, and cinema is storyboarding. "The Art of Storyboarding: A Research Perspective" investigates the history, methodology, and theoretical foundations of storyboarding as an artistic and communicative activity. This research looks at how storyboards may help translate screenplays into visual narratives, facilitate communication among creative teams, and improve the planning and execution of complicated visual sequences. Using historical analysis, case studies, and contemporary practices, the study analyzes how storyboarding has adapted to new technology while retaining its essential purpose as a visual script. The research also looks at the cognitive and semiotic aspects of storyboards, including their influence on visual literacy and storytelling coherence

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The Art of Storyboarding, script and visual execution, modern visual storytelling, artistic and communicative medium

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Ecstasy of Rita Joe was released in 1970 and makes the argument about the contradictions within the concept of cosmopolitanism, by revealing the systemic oppression that Indigenous peoples face in Canada. Through the sad story of Rita Joe, a young Indigenous woman who comes from a reservation to the city looking for a better life, Ryga decries the failures of colonial institutions on legal, educational, and religious grounds to promote justice and equality. The play portrays the plight of Indigenous populations, displaced through colonial exploitation, between the erosion of their traditional means of livelihood and the exclusion by the urban society. Recurrent arrest, economic marginalization, and finally the violent killing of Rita show just how widespread racism and structural impediments are in her reality. The magistrate's attitude of blaming the Indigenous culture for its problems is just one instance of dominant society's refusal to acknowledge systemic inequalities. Schools and churches claim to work for the integration and uplift of Indigenous peoples but unwittingly perpetuate their social disenfranchisement. Ryga's work stands as a more generalized indictment of colonialism, shattering the myth of altruistic cosmopolitanism and laying bare the ongoing violence against marginalized communities. In this sense, by focusing on Rita Joe, the drama forces its audience to confront whether the consequences of colonialism persist, and if so, how urgent the call for decolonial justice really is.

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Cosmopolitanism; Colonialism; Indigenous marginalization; Systemic racism; Decolonial justice.

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Social media has a huge impact on consumer tastes in the context of green fashion, especially ethnic wear. Social media-driven trends on platforms such as (Instagram, YouTube, and Pinterest) are slowly affecting the fashion sector. These media often believer for concepts such as traditional expert craftsmanship, equitable production, and environmentally friendly practices. This has increased public consciousness regarding environmental concerns and encouraged sensible shopping behaviour. Brands and influencers use social media to promote sustainable causes like locally supporting designers, using organic products, and conserving resources. The purpose of the research is to understand the influence of social media on consumer awareness and choice towards sustainable ethnic wear. This openness generates trust and influences consumers who value ethical clothing. The "Theory of Planned Behaviour"(TPB) framework found that perceived behavioural control mediates the link between awareness and purchasing behaviour. Using a descriptive design and secondary data, the study shows that engagement, influencer content, and sentiment affect consumer decisions and support ethical fashion choices.

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Green Economy, Consumer Preferences, Social media Platforms, Sustainable Development, Gen Z

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The proliferation of e-commerce and digital payments has brought unprecedented convenience but has simultaneously increased the exposure of financial systems to fraudulent activities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework for online payment fraud detection that synergistically integrates machine learning (ML), blockchain technology, and real-time payment gateway processing (Razorpay). This multi-layered system not only aims to predict and prevent fraudulent transactions with high accuracy but also ensures the integrity, traceability, and security of transaction records.At the core of the framework is a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) classifier, enhanced with a Higher Dimensional Triage Model. This triage model leverages advanced feature transformation, dimensional expansion techniques, and anomaly scoring to improve the model's sensitivity to rare but impactful fraudulent patterns. By embedding the triage mechanism, the system gains improved capability in handling class imbalance, feature sparsity, and subtle fraudulent behavior, which are common challenges in financial fraud detection.To safeguard transaction logs and model outputs from tampering, we integrate a private, permissioned blockchain ledger using a lightweight, customizable consensus mechanism. Each transaction--whether flagged as fraudulent or legitimate--is cryptographically recorded in the blockchain, ensuring data immutability, accountability, and forensic traceability.

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Online Payment Fraud Machine Learning LightGBM Classifier Higher Dimensional Triage Model Blockchain Technology Secure Transactions Razorpay Integration Fraud Detection System Real-time Transaction Monitoring

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Bharat Lok Tantra Ki Janani : Ek Etihasik Paripeskhaya

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Bharat Lok Tantra Ki Janani : Ek Etihasik Paripeskhaya

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The increasing concern about the adverse effects associated with synthetic sunscreens has led to growing interest in herbal alternatives. Herbal sunscreens are topical preparations that contain plant-based ingredients capable of protecting the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In addition to photoprotection, these herbal formulations often provide added benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and moisturizing effects. This review discusses the commonly used herbal ingredients, preparation techniques, evaluation parameters, and challenges involved in developing effective herbal sunscreens.

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Herbal sunscreen, photoprotection, ultraviolet radiation, plant extracts, antioxidant, SPF, formulation, skin care, natural cosmetics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents the design and simulation of a hybrid renewable energy system using MATLAB/Simulink, integrating solar PV and wind turbine sources within a grid-connected microgrid. The system includes MPPT-controlled DC-DC boost converters and a bidirectional inverter for efficient power management. Advanced control algorithms ensure voltage and frequency stability, power quality, and smooth transitions between energy sources and the grid. Dynamic simulations under varying weather and load conditions validate the system's efficiency, reliability, and adaptability, supporting the transition toward clean and decentralized energy solutions.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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MATLAB/Simulink, MPPT-controlled, DC-DC boost converters, Bidirectional inverter

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition