Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

The proliferation of mobile applications necessitates robust testing methodologies to ensure quality and reliability. Grey Box Testing (GBT), which amalgamates Black Box and White Box testing techniques, offers a balanced approach by leveraging both internal structures and external functionalities of applications. This paper presents a comprehensive Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of GBT in mobile application testing, analyzing current methodologies, tools, and challenges. Building upon the REMgTC framework, we propose an enhanced model tailored for mobile environments. Empirical evaluations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach in improving test coverage and fault detection rates.

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Grey Box Testing, Mobile Application Testing, REMgTC Framework, Systematic Literature Review, Test Automation

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The growing need for environment-friendly agriculture has brought into prominence the demand for energy-efficient and green machinery, especially in the countryside where electricity supply is scarce. The aim of this project is to design and develop a solar-driven riddle machine for enhancing the efficiency of post-harvest grain cleaning processes. The mechanism combines a 10W solar panel, a 12V DC wiper motor, and a lead-acid battery to provide constant operation even during changing sunlight conditions. Mechanical motion is employed to power a riddling mechanism to sift grains from impurities with great accuracy. SolidWorks CAD software was used for detailed structural design, while selection of materials with care ensured portability and ruggedness. Early trials showed considerable enhancement in cleaning effectiveness over manual processes, with considerable energy savings. This machine not only supports the use of renewable energy but is also a cost-saving mechanism designed for small and marginal farmers. The model developed is a step towards sustainable agricultural mechanization and indicates the scope for further use in rural farming communities.

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Agriculture Machinery, Grain Cleaning, Renewable Energy, Solar-Powered Equipment, Sustainable Farming.

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Advancements in machine learning have significantly improved healthcare by enabling early disease prediction and personalized treatment plans. This paper presents a Symptom Based Predictive Healthcare System that analyzes user-provided symptoms to predict potential diseases and offers tailored health recommendations. The system suggests preventive measures, suitable medications, personalized diet plans, and workout routines to enhance patient well-being. It currently employs Decision Tree and Random Forest models to ensure accurate predictions. Future developments will incorporate natural language processing (NLP) and document analysis to interpret both handwritten and printed doctor prescriptions, enabling more precise and automated healthcare recommendations.

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machine learning, symptom-based predictive healthcare, doctor prescription interpretation, healthcare automation, recommendation system, predictive modeling, automated health.

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In Ayurveda, Kukunaka is a disease that affects the eyes in infants. According to Aacharya Vagbhata, it is Netra Vartmagata Vyadhi, which is particularly observed during the eruption of teeth in children, while Aacharya Shushruta stated it arises during Ksheerapa Awashtha due to Stanyaprakopa, involving Tridosha and Rakta Dushti. Ophthalmia Neonatorum is a bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva occurring in an infant, less than 30 days old. It is a preventable disease that usually occurs as a result of carelessness at the time of birth. Typically, due to neonatal bacterial infection, Neisseria gonorrhea or Chlamydia trachomatis this disease may occur during vaginal delivery from exposure to these bacteria from the birth canal. It can be correlated with Kukunaka as both have similar clinical features, like Abhikshnamastravum (continuously mucoid or mucopurulent discharge from eyes). Saprakasha Na Sahate (Intolerance to light), Shotha (oedema), Netrakandu (itching), if left untreated, may cause permanent blindness. Treatment protocol in modern science includes systemic and topical antibiotics, steroids, etc, and Ayurveda mainly focuses on Shamanchikitsa that includes Vartmapakshmashalana, Parisheka, Ashchotana, and Shodhanchikitsa.

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Kukunaka, Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Ksheerapaka Awastha, Vartmagata Vyadhi

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The disposal of waste plastics is a serious issue in today's world, as the use of plastics is increasing all the time, and plastic material takes hundreds of years to disintegrate. So many practical methods for recycling and reusing plastics are being developed. This study looks into replacing natural fine aggregate in concrete with non- biodegradable plastic aggregate made out of High-Density Polyethylene waste (HDPE plastics). Replacement of fine aggregate weight by 10%, 20%, 25%, 30% in order to derive the optimum replacement. To determine the qualities and behaviour of concrete utilizing plastic aggregate, several tests are carried out, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength in the hardened state of concrete and basic tests on fresh concrete were taken care of which are slump cone test and compaction factor test. The results of concrete created strength in the hardened state of concrete and basic tests on fresh concrete, such as slump cone test and compaction factor test, were taken care of after the casted specimens were tested for various days which are 7th, 21st and 28th days . The results of concrete constructed using plastic aggregate are compared to those of normal concrete after being tested for 7 days, 14 days, and 28 day

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Compressive Strength, High-Density Polyethylene waste (HDPE plastics), fine aggregates, Split-tensile strength.

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Candida auris is a rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen known for causing persistent nosocomial outbreaks and showing resistance to all major antifungal drug classes. A significant portion of its proteome remains uncharacterized, particularly hypothetical proteins, which may play crucial roles in pathogenicity and drug resistance. This study presents a comprehensive in silico characterization of a hypothetical protein (accession QWW23862.1) from C. auris. Using a range of bioinformatics tools, we analyzed its physicochemical properties, predicted subcellular localization, secondary and tertiary structures, evolutionary relationships, and conserved domains. Sequence similarity and multiple alignment analyses revealed evolutionary conservation, while structural modeling indicated stable folding suggestive of biological activity. Functional annotation through conserved motif analysis suggested its involvement in essential cellular processes linked to virulence. These computational findings offer valuable insights into the biological relevance of this hypothetical protein and identify it as a potential target for antifungal drug development. This highlights the significance of decoding unknown genomic elements in emerging pathogens.

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Candida auris, Hypothetical protein, In silico characterization, Functional annotation and Multidrug resistance

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Early detection of lung cancer significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and improved survival rates. This study presents a deep learning-based segmentation approach for detecting lung cancer in chest radiographs using the U-Net architecture. The model is trained on annotated datasets to automatically identify and segment abnormal regions indicative of malignancies. Performance evaluation demonstrates high accuracy (92.6%), sensitivity (90.3%), specificity (93.5%), and a Dice coefficient of 87.0%, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method in localizing cancerous lesions with precision. Visualization of results supports the clinical interpretability of predictions, which is vital for real-world deployment. The use of segmentation enhances diagnostic clarity, enabling radiologists to detect subtle abnormalities early. This research underscores the potential of AI-assisted radiographic analysis in supporting early lung cancer diagnosis. Future work will focus on expanding dataset diversity, incorporating multimodal imaging, and deploying lightweight models for use in low-resource healthcare settings.

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Lung cancer, Deep learning, Chest X-rays, Medical image segmentation, AI in radiology, Convolutional neural networks, U-Net, LIDC-IDRI

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Accurate segmentation and measurement of retinal fundus images are essential for diagnosing and treating eye diseases at earliest. However, this task is difficult due to the wide variability in the size, location, and shape of the fluid, along with their complex, curved boundaries accurate classification in minimalist time. To overcome these challenges, we propose a new modified simple linear iterative clustering (mSLIC) along with ConvNeXt, designed specifically for retinal fundus detection. This study begins by enhancing the images using an adaptive fuzzy filter, followed by segmenting them with a Modified Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (mSLIC) algorithm. This module captures long-range dependencies and non-local similarities while maintaining attention to local features. Additionally, it has spatial region-awareness, allowing it to adaptively concentrate on lesion areas. To extract important features, the segmented images are fed into the ResNet-50 deep learning model. Then, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used in a Selective Feature Pooling layer to enhance these features. The improved features are classified using ConvNeXt classifiers. Finally, the model's performance is tested using 10-fold cross-validation. When combined with PSO for feature selection and ConvNeXt for classification, the method achieved a top accuracy of 98.25% using 10-fold cross-validation. The inclusion of segmentation and optimization steps notably improved classification performance. Experimental results show that our proposed methodology surpasses existing literature study techniques in retinal detection performance.

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Diabetic Retinopathy, fundus images, adaptive fuzzy, Simple Linear Iterative Clustering, ResNet-50, ConvNeXt

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This article provides a critical analysis of socio-economic barriers to education under the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009. Despite the progressive provisions of the RTE Act, socio-economic barriers continue to hinder the realization of the right to education, particularly for marginalized communities. The article examines the impact of poverty, caste-based discrimination, gender bias, and poor school infrastructure on educational outcomes and opportunities for social mobility. It also discusses the challenges in implementing the RTE Act and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing socio-economic barriers to education. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of empowering parents and communities, enhancing support mechanisms, improving infrastructure, and training teachers to ensure that all children have access to quality education.

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Right to Education (RTE) Act, Socio-economic barriers, Education, Marginalized communities, Poverty, Caste-based discrimination, Gender bias, School infrastructure

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ABSTRACT Introduction Among all the first action after birth is to suck our mother's milk. It starts upon entering the world. This is a demonstration of love, empathy, without that act infant can't get by. Breast feeding is the nature's gift for development and advancement of newborn. It is one of the exceptional gifts of nature and prize for both child and mother in numerous perspectives. Exclusive breastfeeding ought to be rehearsed for the initial a half year of life to accomplish ideal development and improvement of wellbeing in India. Breastfeeding is practically all inclusive, however the exclusive Breast feeding is very low. Present review was led for advancement of the information in regards to breast milk among primigravida moms going to antenatal OPD of Govt. Hospital, Hisar, Haryana. Strategies and Material: All out of 100 moms were incorporated as a review subjects utilizing purposive examining procedure. The instrument utilized for information assortment was a self organized information survey. Tools were approved by the gatherings of specialists from different fields. Results: 12% moms have poor information, 77% had average information and 11% had good information with respect to breast taking care of. The knowledge score was significantly associated with the age, schooling, occupation, sort of family, number of relatives and the dietary example (p>0.05) while score was not associated with the religion of the moms and training of husband (p<0.05).The review presumed that a large portion of moms had normal information in regards to breastfeeding. Conclusion: The examiner presumed that there is a need of interventional projects to support the information scores of primigravida moms in regard to Breast feeding. Powerful measures ought to be taken with significant data with the association of media, specialists and local area wellbeing programs. Keywords: Effectiveness, Nursing, breastfeeding, primigravida INTRODUCTION The advantages of breastfeeding for the wellbeing and prosperity of the mother and child are irrefutably factual. WHO suggests early (for example in the span of one hour of conceiving an offspring) commencement of breastfeeding. A new preliminary has shown that early commencement of breastfeeding could lessen neonatal mortality by 22% which would add to the accomplishment of the thousand years Objectives. The study objectives were: 1.To assess the existing knowledge of breast feeding among primigravida mothers antenatal OPD of Govt. Hospital, Hisar, Haryana. 2.To associate the knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variables among primigravida mothers antenatal OPD of Govt. Hospital, Hisar, Haryana. Breastfeeding gives present moment and long haul benefits on both child and mother including assisting with safeguarding kids against various intense and persistent issues. As per a review directed in provincial Ghana, it was reasoned that assuming all ladies started breastfeeding in something like 1 hour of birth, 22% of the babies would be saved from death. In the Indian setting, this implies that 250,000 children can be saved from death yearly by only one demonstration commencement of breastfeeding in no less than 1 hour of birth. Breast milk is the nature most valuable gift to the infant. Meeting the sustenance as well as close to home and mental necessities of the infant is must. Breastfeeding is safest, cheapest and best defensive nourishment for newborn children. It forestalls unhealthiness and permits the kid full turn of events. Breast milk contains every one of the supplements in the right extent which are required for ideal development and improvement of child up to 4 to a half year. It is fundamental for mind development of the baby since it has high level of lactose and galactose. Breast milk is effectively absorbable. It advances close physical and profound swathe with the mother by successive skin to skin contact, consideration and connection. It diminishes the gamble of breast and ovarian malignant growth of mother. Early commencement of breast milk upgrades maternal baby subjugation. Anyway most mother end breastfeeding because of different explanation. Information connected with the significance of the breastfeeding is one the significant reason for mother to end breastfeeding. Breast milk is considered as regular nourishment for newborn children yet because of different refined convictions and practice in India only one fourth of babies are breastfeed during the primary hour after conveyance. Greater part of them expressed that breastfeeding was postponed for 3 days due to various social practice. It was accounted for that ordinary breastfeeding ought to be started just when mother becomes unadulterated after custom shower. Negative mentality towards colostrums and defer in commencement of breast milk ought to be changed by teaching mother about benefit of breast milk inside thirty minutes after birth. The boards of trustees on sustenance and the Canadian and pediatric culture unequivocally suggested breast milk for full term babies in 1993. Despite the proposal there was a decrease in breastfeeding. The decay is by all accounts most noteworthy in youthful primiparas. Aims 1.To assess the knowledge regarding breast feeding among primigravida mothers attending antenatal OPD of Govt. hospital, Hisar, Haryana. 2.To associate knowledge with various socio-demographic variable of primigravida mothers Material and Methods The study design was descriptive. Total of 100 mothers were included as a study subjects using purposive sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was a self structured knowledge questionnaire. Tool was validated by the groups of experts from various fields. Pilot study was conducted and the reliability of the tool was checked by internal consistency (spilt half method) and it was found to be 0.9. The tool was reliable so the main study was conducted in OPD of Govt. Hospital, Hisar, Haryana. The data was collected by using questionnaire and discussion developed by researcher. The collected data was tabulated, analysed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Children are our future and our most precious resources. After Birth the health of the baby depends on the nurturing practices adopted by the families. The basic food for infant feeding is milk. Breastfeeding is the most natural method. Breast milk is the natural food for babies. It provides energy and the nutrients needed for the first months of life and it continuous to provide up to half or more of a child's needs during the second half of the first year. The care of a child needs to begin in the first few hours of life with exclusive breast feeding and appropriate intervention at 4 to 6 months in the form of timely complementary feeding. Good nutrition is one of the basic components of health and as particulars of optimal child development survival and maintenance of health throughout life. The nutritional and health status of infants depends mainly on the feeding practices of the community. Early life is a period of rapid growth with the weight of infant doubling by 6 months and tripling by one year of age various studies were conducted to determine the level of insight on breast feeding among mothers. Most of the studies showed that mums were not having enough insight on breast feeding. On the same lines the present study was undertaken with the aim to find the existing insight on breastfeeding among primigravida mother attending the antenatal OPD in Govt. Hospital, Hisar, Haryana. In present study Purposive technique was used to select the sample and self structured questionnaire was used to identify the knowledge regarding breast feeding. Study was conducted on 100 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. Results The results of the study showed that 12% moms have poor insight, 77% had average insight and 11% had good insight with respect to breast feeding. The knowledge score was significantly associated with the socio demographic variable age, schooling, occupation, sort of family, number of relatives and the dietary pattern (p>0.05) while there was non-significant association with the religion of the samples and educational status of husband (p<0.05). Informed written consent was obtained from each study subject before inclusion in the study. Findings of the present study were supported by John R (2005) Descriptive survey on "knowledge, attitude and practices of employed mothers about breast feeding in selected areas of Mangalore city." The results showed that 28% of mothers had poor knowledge, 57% had average and only 15 % had good knowledge regarding breastfeeding. It also showed that 73% of Mothers have knowledge regarding the benefits of breast feeding but only 24% of them had knowledge regarding 'expression and storage of breast milk. Results of present study also reveal that 12% had poor knowledge, 77% had average and only 11% had good knowledge about the breast feeding. Results of both the studies are comparable. Findings of present study clearly indicate that there was inadequate knowledge among primigravida mothers regarding breastfeeding. And the knowledge of mothers was significantly associated with various socio demographic variables like age, education, type of family, occupation etc. However, further studies on efficacy as well as impact of STP should be conducted so that the breast feeding practices of mothers can be improved and through adequate knowledge a more positive attitude can be developed regarding breast feeding, which will support preventive rather than curative care. References World Health Organization. The global burden of disease:2004. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008. Leon NC, Lutter S, Ross J, Martin L. Quantifying the benefits Of breastfeeding: A summary of the evidence. Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, 2002. Gupta A, Arora V, Bhatt B. The State of World's Breastfeeding: India Report card 2006. International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN), Asia Pacific. India. 2006 Selvanayaki V. Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Employed mothers on Breast Feeding. Nurses of India, 2008; 9(5): 11-12. Kramer M. Study on Promotion of Breast Feeding, Intervention Trial. Journal of the American association, 2001; 77: 87-94. Kishore S, Kumar P, Aggarwal A. Breast feeding knowledge & practices amongst mothers in a rural population of North India: A community based study. 2008; http : // tropej . Oxford journals . Org / content / 55 / 3 / 183

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 Keywords

Primigravida, Breast Feeding ,OPD

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