Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

This paper presents an ecofeminist study of Anita Desai's Where Shall We Go This Summer? and Rosarita providing the intricate connection between silence, sensibilities, and selfhood. Ecofeminism, which highlights the relationship between nature, gender, and resistance, provides a captious approach through Desai's narrative, presenting a compelling narrative where landscapes are not merely passive backdrops but transformative spaces for women characters. The study examines how both novels portray nature as an important role in the lives of women, highlighting the female characters of Sita, Sarita, and Bonita. Their journey illustrates how ecological consciousness and feminine identity are intertwined, enabling them to resist oppressive structures and providing the landscape which acts as both past history and as well as self-realisation. In both texts, Anita Desai presents nature as a silent interlocutor, allowing the protagonists to renegotiate their position between tradition and autonomy. This paper argues that Desai's works make a significant contribution to ecofeminist discourse, dealing with how environmental and feminine sensibilities reshape women's identity.

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 Keywords

Ecofeminism, Women, Nature, Sensibilities, Identity.

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Small entrepreneurs play a vital role in the economic development of India by contributing to employment generation, industrial output, and exports through Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Commercial banks act as the primary source of institutional finance for these enterprises by providing various credit facilities such as term loans, working capital, and overdraft facilities. The present study examines the role of commercial banks in financing small entrepreneurs in Tirupur district, a major textile hub in Tamil Nadu. The study is based on primary data collected from 50 respondents using a structured questionnaire. It analyses the awareness level, utilization of credit facilities, satisfaction with banking services, and challenges faced in accessing bank finance. The study concludes by suggesting improvements in banking procedures, awareness programs, and policy support to enhance credit accessibility and support MSME growth.

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Credit Facilities - Commercial Banks -Small Entrepreneurs - Small Business Finance

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This article argues that national courts are the main, yet often underestimated, sparks for accountability for breaches of international humanitarian law (IHL). Instead of focusing on international courts, national courts often interpret, apply and enforce IHL. They conduct investigations, initiate litigation and provide reparations that shape the interpretation and implementation of IHL. Recent national convictions for wartime sexual violence and crimes against humanity, such as the recent cases in Guatemala demonstrate how national courts can achieve accountability even decades after a conflict and provide reparations to victims. The article proposes a three-fold framework to understand the variations in the domestic enforcement of IHL: (1) legal embedding, which is the recognition and definition of IHL and atrocity crimes in domestic legislation, (2) institutional capacity and independence, which is the ability of courts, prosecutors, and police to deal with complex atrocity cases, and (3) transnational catalytic mechanisms which are precedents of universal jurisdiction and advocacy networks that activate domestic responses (such as the Pinochet case). Each part is linked with legal sources and case law. It also proposes that domestic legal processes are both enabling and threatening to international criminal justice. These processes can lighten an international burden and develop alternative interpretations of IHL that affect international law. The article traces critical structural issues such as evidence deficiencies, political pressures, amnesty provisions and resource constraints through doctrinal analysis and region-specific case studies. It provides recommendations on improving international policy by better recognizing IHL in domestic law, strengthening forensic and prosecutorial units, and strengthening mutual legal assistance frameworks, adopting victim-focused procedures and exercising universal jurisdiction with caution. This research offers a road map towards strengthening the rule of law after mass violence by empowering national courts as central and not isolated actors, and ensuring that national responses are consistent with international humanitarian law.

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 Keywords

Key Words: International Humanitarian Law, Domestic Courts; Accountability, International Criminal Justice, Universal Jurisdiction; Rule of Law, Atrocity Crimes.

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Abstract Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition predominantly affecting infants and young children in developing countries. It is mainly caused by inadequate protein intake and is associated with edema, muscle wasting, fatty liver, impaired immunity, growth retardation, and increased susceptibility to infections. Nutritional deficiencies associated with kwashiorkor contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Conventional management primarily involves nutritional rehabilitation and correction of protein deficiency; however, there is increasing interest in identifying sustainable and affordable nutritional sources with therapeutic benefits. Lemna minor, commonly known as duckweed, is a small free-floating aquatic plant belonging to the family Araceae. The plant possesses high nutritional value due to its rich protein content, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants. Scientific studies have demonstrated that Lemna minor exhibits various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and nutritional enhancement properties. Owing to its high protein content and balanced amino acid profile, Lemna minor has gained attention as a potential natural nutritional supplement for the management of protein-energy malnutrition disorders such as kwashiorkor. The present review highlights the nutritional composition, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic significance of Lemna minor in the management of kwashiorkor. The review also discusses its potential role in nutritional rehabilitation, immune enhancement, oxidative stress reduction, and future prospects in the development of plant-based nutritional therapies.

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Lemna minor, Duckweed, Kwashiorkor, Protein-energy malnutrition, Nutritional therapy, Antioxidant activity.

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Netflix is one of the bigger global streaming services with extensive library of movies, television series and original content available in various countries around the world. This paper employs Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) approaches to Netflix data to discover the patterns related to the distribution of content, ratings of the material, tendencies in productions, as well as the contribution of different regions. First of all, the dataset is preprocessed to deal with missing information, to clean the data, as well as to standardize its format. Then, statistical analysis and visualization methods are applied to get insightful information. It was found out that movies prevail on the Netflix, and the most popular ratings are TV-MA and TV-14, which means that the company addresses the adult and teenage audience. The tendency towards the development of the Netflix is also clearly seen from the year 2010 onwards. In addition, important patterns are found related to sentiment distribution and movie duration.

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Keywords: Netflix, Exploratory Data Analysis, Content Trends, Data Visualization, Streaming Analytics

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The purpose of this study is to examine customer perception, major challenges faced, and overall satisfaction levels among customers of selected private banks HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, and Karur Vysya Bank in Coimbatore district. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 200 respondents through convenient sampling. The study identifies the current level of customer perception, key problems encountered in digital banking, branch services, and ATM usage, and overall satisfaction with services provided by private banks. Findings indicate that ICICI Bank leads in perceived reliability, service quality, and digital banking, while hidden charges, slow transactions, and branch delays are major challenges. This study offers suggestions to enhance service quality, transparency, and customer satisfaction in the private banking sector.

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Customer Perception - Customer Satisfaction -Banking Services - Private Banks -Service Quality

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--Cybersecurity attacks are increasing rapidly due to the growth of automated tools and intelligent attack frameworks. Traditional security systems are often unable to react quickly against continuously changing threats. This research presents a Reinforcement Learning based Cyber Battlefield that simulates both attacking and defending scenarios using autonomous AI agents. The system contains two major entities: an Offensive AI (Red Team) and a Defensive AI (Blue Team). The Red Team focuses on identifying vulnerabilities and performing exploitation attempts on network services, whereas the Blue Team monitors activities, detects suspicious behavior, and applies defensive actions dynamically. The proposed framework creates a competitive environment where both agents improve continuously through reward and penalty mechanisms. The attacking agent learns which exploitation paths are more successful, while the defensive agent improves detection and response efficiency over multiple simulation rounds. The implementation combines technologies such as Python, Django, Metasploit, reinforcement learning policies, and anomaly detection algorithms to build a realistic cybersecurity training environment.Experimental observations collected from multiple simulation episodes showed improvement in attack detection accuracy and response timing. The system also demonstrated the capability of adapting to evolving attack patterns during continuous training cycles. This project provides a controlled and scalable platform for cybersecurity experimentation, autonomous defense research, and AI-driven threat analysis.

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Index Terms--Cybersecurity, Reinforcement Learning, Offensive AI, Defensive AI, Metasploit, Autonomous Agents.

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Women's empowerment in Andhra Pradesh has undergone a significant transformation during the last two decades through the expansion of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), rural livelihood missions, and inclusive welfare programmes. The state has consistently played a pioneering role in promoting gender equality through property rights, reservations in education and employment, and political representation in local self-governments. In recent years, the focus has shifted from welfare-oriented approaches to sustainable livelihood generation, financial inclusion, digital literacy, and women-led entrepreneurship. The implementation of these programmes through the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), under the Department of Rural Development, has strengthened the socio-economic position of rural women across different social categories.

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Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), Rural Sustainability, DWCRA Programme, Women Empowerment, Poverty Alleviation, Social Inclusion, Financial Inclusion, Livelihood Development, Micro-Enterprises, Rural Entrepreneurship, Socio-Economic Development.

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The quality of astronomical observations can be improved by reducing the noise contained in the images of the sun. The presence of noise impairs the quality of the solar images, leading to reduced quality of the features extracted from the solar imagery for detecting sunspots and monitoring solar activity. A comparison of denoising methods; such as Adaptive Anisotropic Diffusion (AAD), Anisotropic Diffusion (AD), Non-Local Means (NLM), Total Variation (TV), Wavelet Transform, BM3D and Deep Learning filtering techniques; has been performed to improve the quality of solar images. The results from the comparisons were produced based on experiments with a variety of noisy solar and sunspot images. For the quantitative analysis, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Mean Square Error (MSE), edge preservation index, sunspot error rate, convergence speed, and processing time were included in the evaluations. The comparison results indicate that the NLM algorithm had a superior PSNR and SSIM with higher quality image restoration among the denoised images, while the Deep Learning based algorithms achieved faster speed of execution, which would allow for their application in real-time processing. The proposed comparisons provide a useful tool for selecting an appropriate solar image denoising technique for automated solar image processing systems

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Solar Image Processing, Sunspot Detection, Image Denoising, Non-Local Means, BM3D, Deep Learning, Adaptive Anisotropic Diffusion, Solar Activity Analysis

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The Fintech startups are pivotal to the digital transformation and financial inclusion agenda and are playing an increasing role in the financing of the blue economy and agri-aquaculture sector. The government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) has been actively promoting the startups through the policy, incubator and digital infrastructure, and has 2,252 DPIIT recognised startups by June 2024 (PIB, 2024). However, sustainability for fintech startups is delicate due to various factors such as the lack of capital, regulatory risks, a shortage of talent, and market volatility. This paper explores financial strategies that may enable fintech start-ups in Andhra Pradesh from initial survival to sustainable growth. The study shows, via secondary data synthesis and a policy scan, and an in-depth discussion with 10 key informants from incubators, banks and fintechs, that there are five core strategic levers to implement: diversified capital mix (equity, revenue financing, blended financing); customer-centric revenue models; risk-sensitive product design (credit scoring using alternative data); insurance and hedging linkages; partnership ecosystems (banks, cooperatives, agri/aqua value chains). The paper provides actionable pointers for entrepreneurs, incubators and policymakers in the region to ensure more robust finance pipelines and risk governance within the fintech startup sector in AP.

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 Keywords

**Keywords:** FinTech Startups; Financial Inclusion; Blue Economy; Agri-Aquaculture Finance; Sustainable Growth; Andhra Pradesh.

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