Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Abstract: From a historical perspective, the concept of crime may vary depending on the individual and the region. With the beginning of colonial settlement in the Sundarbans, the definition and nature of crime in the region began to change. Since the Mughal period, the Sundarbans had suffered under the oppression of the Arakanese Maghs and Portuguese pirates, turning the region into a lawless zone known as "Mager Muluk." When the East India Company initiated the settlement of the Sundarbans for the security of trade and urban life in Calcutta, instances of piracy and banditry gradually began to decline. However, crimes such as theft, robbery, piracy, and other forms of violence were never permanently resolved from the region in any era. The Sundarbans' challenging geographical location is a significant factor behind this. This article analyzes the origins, nature, spread, and the role of the government in controlling crime in the colonial Sundarbans (1770-1911). In 1770, Claude Russell, the Collector General of 24 Parganas, and Mr. Tilman Henkel, the judge and magistrate of Jessore, began the process of settlement in the Sundarbans. During this time, they cleared the forests of the Sundarbans and began establishing a peasant-based society. In 1911, the annulment of the Partition of Bengal restored Bengal to its former state. At the same time, the British government shifted the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi, opening a new chapter in the history of nationalism in Bengal and India.

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 Keywords

Sundarbans, Crime, Dacoits, Robbery, Murder, Piracy, Regulations, Punishment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Indian Constitution embodies a profound commitment to safeguarding the rights of minorities, ensuring cultural, religious, and linguistic pluralism within a democratic framework. This analysis critically examines constitutional provisions, particularly Articles 25 to 30, and their effectiveness in protecting minority rights. Rooted in India's historical and socio-political context, the study explores the philosophical underpinnings of minority protection, judicial interpretations, and challenges in practical implementation. Key issues include ambiguities in defining minorities, the autonomy of minority institutions, and the balance between individual and community rights. Landmark cases, such as T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka and St. Stephen's College v. University of Delhi, elucidate the evolving jurisprudence and underscore the dynamic interplay between constitutional guarantees and societal needs. The analysis highlights gaps in policy and enforcement, including inadequate legislative measures, misuse of minority status, and political exploitation of rights. Suggestions for improvement emphasize clarity in definitions, strengthening institutional frameworks, enacting comprehensive anti-discrimination laws, and enhancing judicial and public awareness.

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 Keywords

: Indian Constitution, Minority Rights, Articles 25-30, Pluralism, Secularism, National Commission for Minorities

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Antimicrobial/antibiotic resistance is no longer a future concern -- it is an ongoing and accelerating threat that threatens to erode the foundation of modern medicine. This paper explores the biological mechanisms that facilitate bacterial resistance, ranging from spontaneous mutation to horizontal gene transfer, and the global misuse of antibiotics in clinical, agricultural, and hospital settings. Using existing global, health-related datasets alongside my own clinical experiences in the emergency department at Hackensack Meridian, I detail how the consequences of resistance impact treatment complexes, lengthen recovery time, and increase the potential risk of harm to patients. Two original figures display the global burden of drug-resistant infections and the patterns of antibiotic over-prescribing. In bringing together science and lived clinical experiences, I emphasize the immediate need for stewardship programs, public awareness campaigns, policy reform, and global surveillance. If coordinated action is not initiated, the post-antibiotic era is unlikely to be a prediction -- instead, it may be already underway.

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 Keywords

antibiotic resistance, global health, antimicrobial stewardship, emergency medicine, AMR policy, multidrug-resistant organisms

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ramayana is the oldest classic literature or Itihasa, is the treasure house of knowledge, which has a special place in Indian Culture and Sanskrit literature. It is also known as the treatise of Dharma. The Ramayana is strewn with the exposition of the values of life from great sages. The Ramayana's ability to transmit moral and ethical lessons via engrossing stories is one of its greatest assets. The characters' decisions, struggles, and the results of their actions all provide important life lessons. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari was a meticulous crusader for human rights, an untiring social educator, a stupendous exponent of the spiritual heritage of India, a seasoned politician, a staunch moralist and at the same time a literary giant. His Ramayana, an exquisite blend of Valmiki, Kamban, Tulsidas and modern sensibility, is an index of his thorough enjoyment of the work. In this paper, I have discussed the Ramayana's events and incidents, which taught us morality and virtues. As Rajagopalachari writes, "In every episode of Ramayana, some lesson which we should learn for our daily life is taught. The meaning in some places is clear, while in others, it may lie hidden. If we read with reverence and think deeply, we can always see the moral". It teaches adherence to dharma, raising human nature like Bharata, staying steadfast in the face of adversity, and emphasises the importance of loyalty, integrity, devotion and many more.

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 Keywords

Ramayana, Moral Values, Valmiki, Tulsidas, Rajagopalachari

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study suggests the design and development of a Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation System with an integrated charging dock and IoT monitoring features. This system captures the mechanical energy of human footsteps using piezoelectric sensors and transforms it into electrical energy. The collected energy is rectified, stored in rechargeable batteries, and used to charge small electronic devices. A microcontroller monitors the system's parameters, which are displayed in real-time on an LCD screen and sent to the ThingSpeak IoT platform for remote monitoring and analysis. This approach provides an eco-friendly solution for energy harvesting in congested public areas while aiding the development of clean energy technological advancements alongside efficient energy management solutions.

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Footsteps, Piezoelectric Sensors, LCD Screen, Battery, ThingSpeak

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Chronic diseases have become a significant burden on global healthcare systems, affecting millions of people worldwide. Effective management of these conditions requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond mere symptom control. The Organon of Medicine, a foundational text of homeopathy written by Samuel Hahnemann, emphasizes the importance of individualization in patient care. This article explores the role of individualization in chronic disease management, drawing insights from the Organon of Medicine and highlighting its potential benefits and applications in modern healthcare.

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 Keywords

- Individualization - Chronic disease management - Organon of Medicine - Homeopathy - Patient-centered care - Personalized medicine - Holistic approach

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This research proposes an intelligent, real-time music recommendation system that personalizes music suggestions based on users' facial emotions. The system integrates computer vision and deep learning techniques using OpenCV and a pre-trained CNN model to recognize emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and neutrality. Upon emotion detection, a Django-based web application recommends songs from a pre-classified music dataset. Multiple machine learning models like KNN, SVM, Random Forest, and MLP were evaluated for music clustering and recommendation, achieving up to 75% accuracy. The system also supports user feedback (like/dislike) to improve recommendation quality. Designed for seamless performance, this application demonstrates the potential of emotion-aware multimedia experiences using AI.

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 Keywords

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), FER-2013, Machine Learning, KMeans Clustering, Spotify Dataset, Django Web Framework, Real-Time Emotion Detection, User Feedback.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This system is a move towards creating a smart library. We are entering a new age of computing known as magic mirror technology. The magic mirror offers the possibility of providing solutions that enhance the efficiency and security of library services. This paper outlines various potential applications along with their benefits and drawbacks. In light of this, we suggest a method to enhance library services and create a more user-friendly system for patrons.

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 Keywords

Magic mirror, Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless System

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Retail distribution is a cornerstone of success for consumer goods, especially in highly competitive markets. The distribution of DOMS products by Pranav Marketing showcases a blend of strategic planning and operational execution aimed at ensuring market penetration and customer satisfaction. By focusing on a robust supply chain, efficient logistics, and strategic partnerships with retailers, Pranav Marketing has built a solid foundation for distributing DOMS products. One of their key strengths lies in maintaining strong relationships with local retailers, enabling consistent product availability. Additionally, their data-driven approach allows them to identify demand patterns and adapt quickly to market changes. However, challenges such as fluctuating demand, rising operational costs, and competition from alternative brands pose hurdles that require innovative solutions. Opportunities for growth include expanding to untapped markets, leveraging technology for inventory management, and strengthening e-commerce channels to complement traditional retail. Pranav Marketing could also benefit from investing in retailer training programs to enhance brand visibility and loyalty.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Retail Distribution, Consumer Goods, Supply Chain, Data Driven Approach, Operational Costs, Customer Satisfaction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Blood group prediction is essential in medical emergencies and transfusions. Traditional methods require blood samples, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors. To overcome these limitations, this project proposes a deep learning-based approach using Vision Transformer (ViT). The system analyzes fingerprint patterns to predict blood groups accurately, eliminating the need for invasive testing. By leveraging deep learning and biometric recognition, this approach enhances accessibility, speed, and efficiency in blood group identification, making it ideal for hospitals, blood banks, and emergency services.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Blood Group Classification, Fingerprint Image Analysis , Vision Transformer (ViT).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition