Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

When a tall building is subjected to earthquake under the action of lateral loads, providing a suitable lateral force resisting system has a significant effect on the performance of the RC frame structure. The present study focuses on the study of system based strengthening systems for RC frame structure. The effectiveness of different locations of shear wall and X bracing on the RC frame structure has been carried out. For this study, a G+9 storied RC frame structure has been considered and structural behavior has been studied for time history at Pin Code: 370020 (Bhuj, Gujarat, India) taken of 2001-01-26 at 03:16:40 UTC of magnitude (M7). The RC frame structure models are analyzing by nonlinear dynamic time history as per IS 1893:2016(part1) using SAP2000 software. A comparative study has been performed on parameters namely, joint displacement, base shear, maximum bending moment, shear force and time period on the considered RC bare Frame and system based strengthening systems, thus, six number of models have analyzed and compared. From the study, it has been observed that the joint displacement of the bare frame with shear wall on corner edge decrease in the structure as compared to the bare frame in seismic zone V. Base shear value increases in the strengthened RC frame in comparison with bare frame. Maximum bending moment, maximum shear force value and time period values in frame model with shear wall and X bracing get reduced as compared to frame model without them. In the present study, analysis of G+9 story RC frame with and without system-based strengthening has been performed by nonlinear time history analysis using SAP2000, conclusions inferred is that the shear walls configured with the shear wall on corner edge with bare frame have been found beneficial as compared with other models.

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 Keywords

Prefabricated steel-concrete composite beams, Shear connectors, High-strength bolts, Shear resistance, Ductility, Push-out tests, Finite element analysis, Parametric study, Plasticity, Damage mechanics.

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Background: Tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease primarily affected lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis. It can also affect intestine, meanings, bone and joints, lymph gland, skin and other tissue of the body. The factor can affect someone to suffer from tuberculosis are low immunity generally due to malnutrition and unhealthy behavior. Tuberculosis affected all age group the incidence of infection increases sharply from infancy to adult. One percent of children in the age group under five are infected with tuberculosis as evidence by tuberculin test. The incidence of infection is more in male than female. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding the prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis among adult in selected community area. Material and Method: In this study used one group pretest posttest design, the subject selected for the study was adults. The sample consists of 40 adults from selected community area, Satna. The study participants were selected by random sampling technique. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: The mean score is increased in the post test. The mean in the post test is 32.3 whereas the mean in the pretest is 10.9. The variation is decreased in posttest when compared to pre test.SD in the post test is 1.6 and in the pretest are 2.2. The mean improvement is 21.4. Though it was seen that the posttest knowledge score was more than the pre-test knowledge score, it is essential to put it under statistical significance. So suitably the paired t-test was chosen and worked out. The calculated t - value is 43.2 which is significant. The results undoubtedly confirm that the STP significantly was effective in improving the knowledge on prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults. Conclusion: The study finding showed that there was a significant increase in the knowledge of adults after administration of STP regarding prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis. Hence it was concluded that STP has been an effective method to increase knowledge of adult regarding prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis.

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 Keywords

Effectiveness, Prevention, Pulmonary Tuberculosis

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Earthquakes represent one of the most devastating natural phenomena, capable of causing catastrophic damage to structures and significant loss of life. The design and analysis of multi-storey buildings to withstand seismic forces is therefore a critical aspect of modern structural engineering. ETABS (Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building Systems), developed by Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI), has emerged as the industry-standard software for the seismic analysis and design of building structures worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive overview of seismic analysis methodologies applied to multi-storey buildings using ETABS. It covers the theoretical foundations of earthquake engineering, the various analysis methods available -- static, response spectrum, and time history -- and their practical implementation within the ETABS environment. Key parameters such as base shear, storey drift, storey displacement, and mode shapes are discussed with reference to codal provisions including IS 1893, ASCE 7, and Eurocode 8. Results from a representative case study of a G+10 reinforced concrete building demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method.

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seismic analysis, stiffness, damping characteristics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Prajamandal movement in the princely state of Patna constituted an important chapter in the political awakening of the Garjat states of Odisha during the late colonial period. This article examines the historical background, socio-economic conditions, and political developments that led to the rise of popular resistance against princely autocracy in Patna State. Under British paramountcy, the Garjat states enjoyed considerable administrative autonomy, which often resulted in arbitrary governance, economic exploitation, excessive taxation, forced labour, and denial of civil rights. Although the nationalist movement initially had limited impact on the feudatory states, the spread of political consciousness during the 1930s gradually inspired the people of Patna to organise themselves against oppressive rule. The study analyses the role of the Orissa States Peoples' Conference, the Prajamandal movement, and the Krushak organisations in mobilising peasants, workers, and educated youth for responsible government and democratic reforms. It also highlights the findings of the Orissa States Enquiry Committee, which exposed the exploitative administrative practices prevailing in the state. The article further examines the influence of the Indian national movement, the response of the princely rulers through repression and political manoeuvring, and the significance of the Eastern States Union in the final phase of princely politics. The article argues that the Prajamandal movement in Patna State was not merely a regional protest against feudal oppression but an integral part of the wider democratic and nationalist struggle in India. The movement ultimately contributed to the political integration of the princely states with independent India and the establishment of democratic governance in Odisha following the merger of Patna State in 1948.

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Prajamandal Movement, Patna Garjat State, Political Awakening, Princely States, British Paramountcy, Orissa States Peoples' Conference, Integration of Princely States.

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ABSTRACT Education is the key to human development. It is a great leveller, social mobilizer and emancipator. It works as a catalyst in bringing social changes and is fundamental for achieving full human potential. An inclusive, equitable and just society, promoting economic prosperity and national harmony is the latest aspiration of young India which also aspires to become world's leading knowledge guru and global power player. With the rapidly changing global economic scenario and global ecosystem it has become imperative for rising India to go for a creative, multidisciplinary and innovative education system. An education system with highest quality, equity and integrity that thrust for character building of learners by enabling its learners to be ethical, rational, compassionate and caring as well as, preparing them for fulfilling purposeful gainful employment is key for a successful education system. One of the methods of increasing the level of education among deprived /marginalised groups of the society is inclusive education. It is basically, policy intervention programmes by government and non-government entities to increase the representation of people who have historically had low representations in educational institutions. They are support programmes for bridging inequalities by providing equity, incentives, financial support and quality education. Inclusive education has especially gained importance because India has signed in 2015 at New York "U.N. Agenda for Sustainable development" that aims to "ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all"

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Key words: Inclusive education, NEP 2020, Equitable access, Quality learning, Diversity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Spam Detection, Ham, Machine Learning, SMS Filtering, Feature Engineering, Text Preprocessing.

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Transgender individuals often experience disproportionate health disparities worldwide. Defined as persons whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth, transgender populations navigate a social environment marked by stigma, discrimination, and limited rights. Health care barriers for transgender persons include lack of provider knowledge, discriminatory attitudes, economic hardship, and absence of gender-affirming services. In India, despite growing legal recognition, transgender individuals continue to encounter systemic obstacles in health care access. Palakkad District, with its mixed rural-urban population and evolving health infrastructure, provides a critical context for examining these barriers. This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors that impede equitable health care access for the transgender community in Palakkad.

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Transgender, Health Care, Stigma, Limited Rights

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Pain in cancer may arise from a tumor compressing or infiltrating nearby body parts; from treatments and diagnostic procedures or from the skin, nerve and other changes caused by a hormone imbalance or an immune response. Reiki, a stress reduction and relaxation technique, has become a subject of curiosity for cancer patients everywhere. Reiki therapy has many benefits not only physically, but mentally and emotionally as well. It also helps to relieve the pain as well as provide physical relief. Reiki is a non-invasive technique that causes no side effects or complications. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Reiki Therapy on pain among patients admitted in a selected cancer hospital of Bhopal. Material and method: In this study, an experimental one group pre-test, post-test design was carried out to assess the effectiveness of Reiki therapy on pain among cancer patients of Navodaya Cancer Hospital, Bhopal. The Purposive Sampling technique was adopted for data collection and 25 cancer patients was collected in this study. The data were collected by using a Visual analogue Scale. They were assessed for the level of pain. Data was analyzed by using SPSS. Result: the finding of the study shows that the majority of the subjects were in the age group of 41-50 years 12 (48%), were male 22 (88%), belonged to the joint family 15 (60%), 13 (52%) were 10000 per month or less, most of the respondents 7 (28%) were in the education of middle and higher secondary, most of the respondents 15 (60%) were in the duration of illness 1 year or less. The moderate pain post-test score of level of pain 14 (56%) is lower than the moderate pain pre-test score level of pain 16 (64%). Finding related to the effectiveness of Reiki therapy on pain among cancer patients was found through paired t test value 15.501 & P value. 000. There was significant difference between pre-test, post-test level of pain. Conclusion: Based on the finding, the investigator conducted that Reiki therapy is significantly effective in reducing pain among cancer patients.

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Effectiveness, Reiki therapy, Pain, Cancer

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Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye (1970) presents a harrowing exploration of how racialized beauty standards and systemic oppression shape Black identity, particularly through the tragic life of Pecola Breedlove. Set in 1940s America, the novel critiques the psychological impact of internalized racism, colorism, and societal beauty norms that position whiteness as the ultimate standard of desirability and worth. Through the contrasting perspectives of Pecola and Claudia, Morrison illustrates how white-dominated aesthetics lead to self-hatred, alienation, and the erasure of Black girlhood. This study examines the novel's intersectional themes of race, gender, class, and trauma using Black feminist criticism, psychoanalytic theory, and postcolonial discourse. The paper explores how The Bluest Eye deconstructs Eurocentric ideals of beauty, exposes the sexual and racial violence inflicted on Black girls, and critiques the complicity of both white supremacy and internalized anti-Blackness within Black communities. Employing close textual analysis alongside Black feminist, psychoanalytic, and postcolonial frameworks, this study argues that Morrison's nonlinear narrative and fragmented storytelling reflect the psychological fractures of her characters, reinforcing the novel's central argument: that systemic racism does not merely oppress Black individuals--it erases them. The study concludes that, through Pecola's tragic fate, Morrison forces readers to confront the consequences of a society that refuses to see Black girls as worthy of love, protection, or humanity, and that such literary representation carries urgent contemporary relevance

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Internalized Racism (IR), Beauty Standards, Black Girlhood, Sexual and Racial Violence, Colorism, Toni Morrison

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This project focuses on designing a differential gearbox for a small commercial vehicle, taking the TATA ACE as a reference. The main goal was to design a gearbox that allows the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds while smoothly transferring power from the engine. The considered data such as engine power, torque, and material properties were collected from reliable sources like Tata Motors official website and research papers. The gearbox components were designed using standard formulas for strength, wear, and load capacity. The material 20MnCr5 was chosen because it offers good strength and resistance to wear. A 3D model of the gearbox was created in SolidWorks 2025 to check dimensions and assembly. The design was further verified through static structural analysis in ANSYS, which showed that the maximum stress and deformation values were well within safe limit, confirming the strength and stiffness of the gearbox. The results showed that the design is safe and slightly overdesigned, which adds to its reliability. In the future, the design can be improved by performing static and thermal analysis, using 3D printing (additive manufacturing), and modifying it for electric and hybrid vehicles to make it more efficient and modern.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Solid works, Tata Ace, Differential gear box, Bevel gear, Static Analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition