Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Rocker arms play a vital role in the valve actuation mechanism of an engine. They are designed to pivot on a shaft or pin fixed to a bracket, which is mounted on the top of the cylinder head. The camshaft actuates one end of the rocker arm, which, in turn, interacts with the valve stem at the other end. In configurations where the camshaft is located below the cylinder head, pushrods are used to transfer motion to the rocker arms. Valve springs ensure that the lifters, equipped with rollers, follow the cam profiles accurately, maintaining proper alignment. The aim of this project is to design rocker arms using CATIA software and perform static structural analysis in ANSYS. By analyzing rocker arms made from different materials--Carbon Steel, Nimonic 80A, and Inconel 718--the study seeks to identify the most suitable material. This determination is based on comparative results for von Mises stress, strain, deformation, and shear stress.

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 Keywords

ANSYS, Rocker arms, CATIA, Optimization, Stress

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The ever-growing demand for clean and sustainable energy necessitates exploration beyond traditional renewable technologies. Solar wind energy, harnessing the charged particles emanating from the sun, offers a captivating glimpse into the future. This paper delves comprehensively into the theoretical underpinnings of solar wind energy collection, analyzes the technical challenges associated with its development, and explores potential solutions through advancements in material science, manufacturing techniques, and energy conversion mechanisms. Additionally, the paper examines the future research directions needed to bridge the gap between theory and reality, and discusses the potential societal implications of a successful solar wind energy collection system. As humanity strives towards a sustainable future, the search for clean and abundant energy sources intensifies. Solar wind energy, a vast and virtually limitless resource emanating from the Sun, presents a captivating prospect. This research paper delves comprehensively into the theoretical underpinnings, technical challenges, potential solutions, future research directions, and the broader societal and environmental implications of harnessing this transformative energy source.

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 Keywords

Solar wind energy, renewable energy, space-based power, energy security, sustainable future

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In today's rapidly evolving urban environments, public safety and hygiene have become top priorities. Face masks are widely used in hospitals, factories, laboratories, and crowded public spaces to protect against airborne pollutants, infectious diseases, and hazardous particles. Detecting whether individuals are wearing masks in real-time has become essential for enforcing compliance in such critical areas. This research presents a deep learning-based system for real-time face mask detection using OpenCV, TensorFlow, Keras, NumPy, and MobileNetV2. The model classifies live video stream input into two categories: 'Mask' and 'No Mask', highlighting detected faces with bounding boxes and confidence scores. This system can be deployed in smart surveillance, healthcare institutions, and industrial environments to ensure adherence to safety protocols. We also integrate a PostgreSQL database to log unmasked face detections for administrative tracking and reporting

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 Keywords

OpenCV, Deep Learning, Face Mask Detection, CNN, MobileNetV2, Real-Time Surveillance

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 Abstract

This study investigates the development of lightweight, eco-friendly soil-cement bricks (SCBs) utilizing industrial sugar by-products, sugarcane bagasse fibers, and industrial waste fly ash as stabilizers. The primary objective is to reduce the weight and cement content of bricks, thereby diminishing greenhouse gas emissions associated with their manufacturing. The bricks were subjected to various tests, including compressive strength, hardness, and water absorption, to evaluate their performance. The results indicate that the incorporation of sugar by-products and fly ash enhances the mechanical properties of the SCBs while maintaining low water absorption rates. These findings suggest that SCBs are a viable alternative to traditional bricks, offering reduced environmental impact and cost-effectiveness.

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 Keywords

Eco-friendly bricks, soil-cement bricks, sugar by-products, sugarcane bagasse, fly ash.

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India's ageing population is growing rapidly, with significant implications for social structures and welfare systems. Mizoram, a northeastern state with distinct cultural and demographic features, faces unique challenges related to elderly care. This study employs secondary data from the Census of India (2011), National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2021), and the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI, 2020) to examine demographic trends, family dynamics, socio-economic status, and access to welfare among the elderly in Mizoram. The research is guided by Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism to analyze changing family roles, social inequalities, and the subjective experiences of ageing. Findings indicate a decline in extended family support, persistent gender disparities, and inadequate coverage of welfare schemes, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive, equitable policy interventions. This study contributes to sociological gerontology literature by highlighting regional particularities and advocating for integrated eldercare frameworks in Mizoram.

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 Keywords

Ageing, Elderly Care, Mizoram, Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, Secondary Data Analysis, Social Welfare, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Silicon exposure, a common nanomaterial found in rocks and plants, can transform into asbestos-like compounds, leading to various health risks, including autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, chronic kidney disease, and lupus. The most significant health risk is the incurable lung disease silicosis, which damages interstitial lung tissue. This study aims to evaluate the molecular mechanisms by which silicon exposure may alter gene expression and obstruct biological pathways using system biology methodologies. Transcriptomics is used to pinpoint genes expressed differentially in human cells exposed to varying concentrations of silicon pollution. Silicosis samples were retrieved from GEO dataset (GSE30215) to analyse differentially expressed genes using GEO2R. The list of genes playing a key role in silicosis were also retrieved from various databases like NCBI, OMIM, Gene Card, Mala Card etc. Network analysis helps identify significant regulatory nodes influenced by silicon exposure, highlighting the importance of understanding the potential impact of silicon pollution on human DNA and health. Therefore, protein-protein interaction network analysis was carried out of the identified genes using STRING and the Cytohubba plugin of Cytoscape to identify the priority hub gene based on 12 vital parameters. The "TP53" Gene was identified as the priority gene affected in Silicosis. The lists of 25 phytocompounds were created and phytochemicals were screened based on Lipinski's Rule of 5 using ADMETLab 3.0. To determine the ideal binding energy for drug development, molecular docking was employed. Molecular docking studies revealed the therapeutic potential of phytocompound Oleanolic acid obtained from Olea europaea as an effective drug against silicosis.

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 Keywords

Silicon Exposure, Network Analysis, Silicosis, Molecular docking, TP53, Oleanolic acid

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A Dialect is a regional or social variation of a language that differs in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary from the standard language. It is a spoken form of a language, and a language may have many dialects. Similarly, the Kokborok language also has many varieties of dialects. The Kokborok language is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, which is mainly spoken in Tripura, India. The Kokborok language was declared an official language of Tripura on January 19, 1979. The state government of Tripura designated Kokborok as an official language along with Bengali and English. This research paper provides a comparative study on the morphological structures and derivational processes involved in noun formation in the dialects of Kokborok. The research paper focuses on two primary dialects: Reang (Bru) and Debbarma. The Reang dialect, also known as Kaubru, and the Debbaram dialect, which is considered the standard form of Kokborok. This paper aims to highlight the similarities and dissimilarities in noun formation between these two dialects.

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 Keywords

Kokborok language, Debbarma dialect, Reang dialect, Noun formation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Risk management is a critical aspect of financial systems, designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risks that could disrupt operations, threaten stability, and erode public confidence. However, history reveals that despite the sophistication of risk management tools and frameworks, financial crises have occurred with alarming regularity. These crises often stem from a confluence of factors, including excessive leverage, asset bubbles, systemic interdependence, weak governance, and inadequate regulatory oversight. The global financial system's complexity, marked by the interplay of financial institutions, markets, and technologies, has further exacerbated vulnerabilities, making crises not only inevitable but also more severe. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) stands out as a defining moment in modern financial history, exposing significant failures in risk management practices. The crisis originated in the U.S. subprime mortgage market, where high-risk loans were bundled into complex financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). These instruments were widely traded and held by major institutions that underestimated their credit risk. This underestimation was compounded by flawed credit ratings, a lack of transparency, and excessive reliance on historical models that failed to capture the systemic risks inherent in these instruments. The interconnectedness of financial institutions, combined with high levels of leverage, triggered a domino effect that led to the collapse of Lehman Brothers and a global economic downturn. The GFC underscored the need for more robust regulatory oversight, comprehensive stress testing, and improved transparency in financial products. It also revealed the importance of monitoring systemic risk, which extends beyond the scope of individual institutions. Another significant example is the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, which highlighted vulnerabilities in emerging markets. This crisis began in Thailand with the collapse of the Thai baht and quickly spread to other Asian economies, causing widespread economic turmoil. A major contributing factor was the excessive accumulation of foreign-currency-denominated debt by Asian corporations, coupled with unhedged exposure to currency fluctuations. When investor confidence eroded, rapid capital outflows exacerbated the situation, leading to sharp currency depreciations and economic contraction. The crisis underscored the dangers of inadequate risk management in handling currency and credit risks, as well as the importance of maintaining prudent fiscal policies and reserve buffers. Similarly, the dot-com bubble of the early 2000s demonstrated the risks of speculative investments and poor valuation practices. During this period, technology companies were often valued based on optimistic growth projections rather than intrinsic fundamentals. When the bubble burst, trillions of dollars in market value were wiped out, severely impacting investors and the broader economy. This episode highlighted the need for critical risk assessment and the dangers of irrational market behaviorfueled by herd mentality. In response to these crises, regulatory frameworks have evolved to strengthen financial systems and prevent future disruptions. The Basel Accords, particularly Basel III, introduced after the GFC, have focused on improving the quality and quantity of capital held by banks, enhancing risk coverage, and implementing countercyclical capital buffers to reduce systemic vulnerabilities. Stress testing has become a cornerstone of modern risk management, enabling financial institutions to evaluate their resilience to adverse economic scenarios. The Dodd-Frank Act in the United States introduced sweeping reforms, including the establishment of the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and restrictions on proprietary trading through the Volcker Rule. These regulatory measures aim to enhance transparency, limit excessive risk-taking, and promote accountability within financial institutions. Central clearing for derivatives has also gained prominence as a means of reducing counterparty risks and increasing market transparency. However, while these measures have addressed many of the shortcomings exposed by past crises, the financial landscape continues to evolve, presenting new challenges for risk management. Technological advancements have brought both opportunities and risks to financial systems. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and blockchain technology has improved efficiency and transparency but also introduced new vulnerabilities. Algorithmic trading, for example, has led to market disruptions such as flash crashes, while the increasing reliance on digital infrastructure has heightened the risk of cyber-attacks. Climate change is another emerging challenge, with physical risks such as extreme weather events and transition risks associated with shifts to a low-carbon economy posing threats to financial stability. Financial institutions are now being called upon to incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into their risk management frameworks to address these challenges. Geopolitical risks, including trade wars, political instability, and global health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, further complicate the risk landscape. These events have demonstrated the importance of resilience and adaptability in risk management practices. Shadow banking, which refers to financial activities conducted by non-bank entities outside the traditional regulatory framework, presents another significant challenge. These entities often engage in activities similar to banks, such as lending and borrowing, but without the same level of oversight. As a result, shadow banking can create systemic risks, particularly during times of market stress, when liquidity dries up, and interconnections with the regulated financial sector become apparent. Addressing these risks requires innovative regulatory approaches and greater coordination among global regulators. To effectively manage these evolving risks, financial institutions must adopt integrated and adaptive risk management frameworks. A holistic approach that combines market, credit, operational, and strategic risks is essential for comprehensive oversight. Advanced analytical tools, including real-time data analytics and predictive modeling, can enhance risk detection and decision-making. Institutions must also prioritize resilience-building through robust capital buffers, diversification of portfolios, and contingency planning. Understanding behavioral dynamics, such as herd mentality and risk aversion during periods of market volatility, can further improve risk management strategies. Collaboration between financial institutions, regulators, and academia is critical for fostering innovation and developing solutions to complex and interconnected risks. Risk management is an ongoing process, requiring continuous adaptation to new threats and opportunities. While financial crises cannot always be prevented, their impacts can be mitigated through proactive strategies, effective governance, and a forward-looking regulatory framework. Lessons from past crises emphasize the importance of transparency, systemic oversight, and stress testing in maintaining financial stability. The integration of technological innovations, consideration of climate-related risks, and preparedness for geopolitical uncertainties are increasingly central to modern risk management practices. By addressing these challenges, financial institutions and regulators can build a more resilient global financial system that not only safeguards against crises but also supports sustainable economic growth. Through vigilance, innovation, and collaboration, risk management can continue to evolve as a vital safeguard for global financial stability.

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 Keywords

Risk management, Financial crises, Global Financial Crisis (GFC)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology is revolutionizing the fields of biomedical research and pharmaceutical development by providing advanced in vitro models that mimic the physiological functions of human organs. The present review is aimed at synthesizing studies relating to the current states, applications, and challenges of OOC systems. It has also driven the development of sophisticated OOC devices which better emulate complicated human organ functions made possible by the coming about of new microfabrication techniques such as 3D printing and photolithography, that could not be possible with the earlier cell culture and animal models. These have been paramount in drug discovery and toxicology testing, allowing improved predictive capability on drug efficacy and toxicity, which can be used to drastically reduce development costs and time in the pharmaceutical industry. It further outlines the review, if needed, to underline the fact that progress in OOC technology depended on close collaboration among engineering, biology, and clinical sciences. With all these developments under way, technical challenges in microfabrication, cell sourcing, standardization, and scalability remain to be overcome. This review paper aims at providing an elaborate look into the current state of OOC technology, involving device fabrication, biological applications, and translational possibility. This transformative impact is discussed by discussing key advancements, challenges and future directions for OOC systems on science and personalized medicine nowadays.

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 Keywords

Organ-on-a-Chip, Microfabrication, Personalized Medicine, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In Indian scenario, human rights are protected by the constitution and the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, with the National Human Rights Commission playing a key role. However, despite legal frameworks, challenges remain in ensuring the full realization of human rights, particularly for marginalization groups. Human rights are universal moral rights that cannot be violated or abridged under any circumstances. They are therefore of a universal character since they transcend national or ideological borders. No idea of 'divine, moral, natural or any other form of rights' underpins these rights.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Human Rights, Fundamental Rights, Constitution, Protection

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition