Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

The aim of paper to focus on how does market works from production to distribution system of agriculture products. Agriculture is the composition of two Latin words - "Ager" means land and "Cultura" means cultivation. It means cultivation of land is called agriculture. The products, which are produced by cultivation, are spread it in the market and deliver the goods to the consumer is called agriculture marketing. Agricultural marketing primarily focuses on buying and selling of agricultural products. There are three types of agriculture marketing:- 1. Traditional Marketing 2. Cooperative Marketing 3. New Emerging market

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 Keywords

Agriculture, Marketing, Methods, Cooperative

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In Wound healing of Dagdhvrana to prevent further infection and to avoid possible complications classical Ayurvedic literature has already stated many drug combinations and various treatment modalities like Lepa, Seka etc. Silver Sulphadiazine commonly used medicine for LA in Agnidagdh vrana which has got only antimicrobial action, although reducing the risk of infection recent studies have highlighted the adverse effect of silver sulfadiazine slowing reepithelization, increasing rate of scar formation and development of systemic side effects. Along with that it doesn't participate directly in wound healing. So there is need to explore the alternative drugs for local application, which may prevent further complications , which has antimicrobial action ,helps in healing of burn with less pigmentation ,so all these expectations are fulfilled by Triphala mashi lepa. Triphala mashi lepa is traditional Ayurvedic preparation in Agnidagdh vrana which has nutrient content like Ascorbic acid etc. that will ppromotewound healing along with that it will inhibits bacterial growth. Furthermore, specific advantages that Triphala possesses effectiveness against yeast, antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, So A single case study where in Agnidagdh vrana patient application of Triphala mashi lepa for 14 days daily, concluding singnificant ropan activity of Agnidagdh vrana without any adverse effects.

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Triphala Mashi , Agnidagdh vrana, Burn wound, Lepa, Wound healing, Silver Sulphadiazine

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The present study explores the relationship between achievement motivation and academic achievement among high school students in Sangrur district of Punjab. A sample of 200 Class 9 students from government and private schools was selected using a random sampling technique. The study employed the Achievement Motivation Scale by Deo (2011) and academic scores from the previous year's examination. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Pearson's correlation, were used to interpret the data. The findings revealed a significant difference in achievement motivation between government and private school students, no significant difference between rural and urban students, and a significant positive correlation between achievement motivation and academic achievement. The study has critical implications for educators and policymakers focused on improving student outcomes through motivational strategies.

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Academic achievement, Achievement motivation, High school students, Achievement motivation scale by Pratibha Deo. Punjab.Rural and Urban, Government and Private.

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Purpose: The expansion of the gig economy has transformed conventional employment relationships by introducing flexible, technology-enabled, and task-based work arrangements. In India, platform-mediated labour has expanded rapidly across transport, delivery, freelancing, and service sectors. While this model has generated new livelihood opportunities, it has also created concerns relating to worker welfare and workforce management. The purpose of this study is to examine the opportunities available within the gig economy and analyse the human resource challenges associated with managing gig workers in India. Methodology: The study adopts a descriptive research design and relies on both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary responses were collected from selected gig workers. Secondary evidence was drawn from academic literature, labour reports, policy papers, and industry publications. The data were interpreted through thematic analysis, comparative review, and percentage analysis. Findings: The study found that gig work offers flexibility, immediate earning opportunities, labour market access, and supplementary income options. However, the sector is also marked by income volatility, weak legal protection, limited social security, stress arising from rating systems, and high worker turnover. Human resource systems in many platform firms remain underdeveloped in the areas of engagement, communication, training, and grievance handling. Limitations: The study is based on a limited sample and selected occupational groups. Working conditions may vary across regions and sectors. Implications: The study provides direction for HR professionals, platform companies, labour regulators, and scholars seeking to create fair and sustainable gig work systems. Originality: The paper approaches the gig economy through an integrated labour and HR perspective, offering a balanced understanding of growth opportunities and management challenges in India.

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Gig Economy, Human Resource Management, Platform Labour, Flexible Work, India, Workforce Policy

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This is an exploratory as well as qualitative study to study the multiple effects of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in the graphic design and advertising industries in Tamil Nadu, India. This research investigates the impact of products like Midjourney and Adobe Firefly, and Canva AI in the context of rising digital democratisation on professional workflows, economic models and representation of culture. Thematic study of secondary data from industry blogs, professional forums, webinars and freelancer portfolios highlighted key trends (2023-2025). The results are twofold: GenAI can save small firms and non-designers a great deal of time and money (between 50 and 70 per cent), but it also wreaks havoc on entry-level jobs and freelance work. The key issue is that the internationally trained AI models tend to produce inauthentic or stereotypical representations of Tamil visual culture (kolam, Tamil font and festival visuals), which can be a danger to vernacular identity. The study shows that sustainable integration must be accompanied by a triptych of strategic upgrading, socially responsive AI model development and ethical frameworks to boost human-AI collaboration, so that the region's creative economy may progress without surrendering its cultural individuality. Keywords: Generative AI, graphic design, Tamil Nadu, cultural representation, creative sectors, labour market, human-AI collaboration

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Generative AI, graphic design, Chennai, cultural representation, creative industries, human-AI collaboration, labor market,

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a widely utilized analytical technique in pharmaceutical, environmental, and biochemical analysis due to its high precision, sensitivity, and versatility. The efficiency of HPLC largely depends on the proper selection and preparation of chromatographic columns, which play a critical role in achieving accurate separation and quantification of compounds. This review focuses on the various types of HPLC columns, including normal-phase, reversed-phase, ion-exchange, and size-exclusion columns, along with their preparation procedures such as column packing, conditioning, and equilibration.

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PREPARING COLUMNS FOR HPLC AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT COMPOUND ANALYSIS.

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The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal face serum using natural ingredients such as Aloe vera, Green tea extract, and Sodium alginate. Herbal cosmetics are widely preferred due to their safety, effectiveness, and minimal side effects compared to synthetic products. The formulated serum was designed to provide moisturizing, antioxidant, soothing, and skin-protective effects. The herbal extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to identify the presence of important bioactive constituents. The tests confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The prepared serum was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters including pH, viscosity, consistency, spreadability, homogeneity, odour, washability, stability, and skin irritation test. The evaluation results showed that the serum possessed suitable pH, smooth consistency, good spreadability, uniform appearance, pleasant odour, easy washability, and excellent stability. No signs of redness, itching, or irritation were observed during the skin irritation test, indicating that the formulation is safe for topical application. The study concludes that the prepared herbal face serum is stable, effective, and suitable for cosmetic use, with potential benefits for skin hydration and protection against environmental damage.

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Aloe vera, Green Tea Extract, Sodium Alginate, Antioxidant Activity, Anti Pollution Face Serum

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The present research study was aimed to explore the educational inequalities faced by Tamang tribal students due to the digital gap, which extends to create learning exclusion. This study adopted qualitative phenomenological research design and conducted in a rural Tamang community in the Darjeeling district. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select 20 secondary school-going students from two blocks, in which 10 students were selected from the Rangli Rangliot block and 10 students were selected from the Jorebunglow-Sukhiapokhri block. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. After collection of qualitative data, the investigator adopted thematic analysis to analyze the data through MAXQDA software. This study revealed that most of the rural tribal students had faced significant challenges in digital learning; they were not aware of online learning and they did not have any digital gadgets to participate in online courses such as NCERT school courses through the SWAYAM platform. On the other hand, some Tamang tribal students who had digital gadgets described their experiences that digital devices are helpful for learning various topics easily, and they positively participate various online courses to upgrade their knowledge. Additionally, students have high performance in their academics due to digital learning. Moreover, this study showed that inadequate digital access and poor digital infrastructure had been creating learning inequalities among rural tribal students.

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Digital gap, Digital exclusion, online learning, Educational disparity Tamang community

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This paper introduces the Modified First Zagreb Index (M1*(G)) for fuzzy graphs, defined as the sum of the products of vertex degrees and their corresponding membership values for all adjacent vertex pairs. While traditional Zagreb indices have been extensively studied, this modified version provides a nuanced approach to capturing structural properties in fuzzy environments. We establish rigorous upper bounds for M1*(G) across four types of generalized fuzzy transformation graphs (G++, G+-, G-+, and G--) in terms of the fundamental elements of the base graph G. Numerical examples and graphical representations are provided to illustrate the theoretical results and distinguish this index from existing ones.

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Modified First Zagreb Index, Fuzzy Graph Theory, Generalized Fuzzy Transformation Graphs, Topological Indices, and Upper Bounds.

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This project presents the design and implementation of an AI-driven Online Proctoring System aimed at enhancing fairness, transparency, and academic integrity in remote examination environments. With the rapid growth of digital learning platforms, educational institutions face significant challenges in monitoring student behavior during online assessments. The proposed system addresses these challenges by integrating advanced computer vision techniques, intelligent audio analysis, and an interactive web-based interface to enable continuous and automated exam supervision. Real-time facial landmark detection, gaze tracking, head-pose estimation, and posture monitoring are performed using MediaPipe and OpenCV to identify behavioral anomalies that may indicate inattentiveness or potential malpractice. In addition, an audio monitoring module analyzes ambient sound patterns to detect irregularities such as background conversations or the presence of multiple individuals. The system provides real-time visual alerts through an intuitive frontend interface and generates a post-examination distraction graph that summarizes detected events over time. Developed using a modular Flask-based architecture, the solution is scalable, cost-effective, and adaptable for integration with external databases and cloud services. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in supporting secure, efficient, and technology-enhanced remote examinations.

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 Keywords

Online Proctoring System, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, MediaPipe, OpenCV, Audio Analysis, Flask, Remote Examination, Academic Integrity.

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