Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic significance of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and assess their combined utility in 35 patients presenting with diverse hematological abnormalities. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients underwent simultaneous BMA and BMB. Indications, cytological findings, and biopsy results were analyzed and correlated to determine concordance, diagnostic yield, and the added value of combined procedures. Results: The study population included 20 males (57.1%) and 15 females (42.9%), with age ranging from 0-20 years (17.1%) to >60 years (20%). Common indications were pancytopenia (34.3%), anemia evaluation (22.9%), suspected leukemia (20%), thrombocytopenia (14.3%), and marrow infiltration (8.5%). BMA diagnosed acute leukemia in 17.1%, myelodysplastic syndrome in 11.4%, megaloblastic anemia in 28.6%, aplastic anemia in 5.7%, reactive marrow in 20%, and was inconclusive in 17.1%. BMB detected acute leukemia in 20%, myelofibrosis in 11.4%, aplastic anemia in 8.6%, metastatic infiltration in 8.6%, megaloblastic anemia in 22.9%, reactive marrow in 17.1%, and was inadequate in 11.4%. Concordance between BMA and BMB was observed in 62.9% of cases, with biopsy providing diagnosis when aspiration was inconclusive in 17.1% of patients. Conclusion: Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are diagnostic procedures. Aspiration provides detailed cytological evaluation, particularly useful in leukemias, whereas biopsy offers critical architectural information and is essential for few cases. Combined use of both techniques ensures a comprehensive assessment of hematological disorders, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient management.

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bone marrow, aspiration

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This research paper examines the role of coping practices and support systems in strengthening administrative decision-making effectiveness among first-generation entrepreneurs. First-generation entrepreneurs usually start and manage their ventures without inherited business experience, established family business networks, or prior exposure to formal administrative procedures. As a result, they often face difficulties in handling regulatory compliance, financial administration, documentation, operational decisions, institutional communication, and other routine administrative responsibilities. In this context, the study focuses on how coping practices such as use of administrative software, delegation of tasks, structured planning, consultation with experts or mentors, and fixed work scheduling help entrepreneurs manage administrative pressure more effectively. The study also examines the contribution of support systems such as government schemes, peer networks, mentoring, family support, digital platforms, professional advisors, entrepreneur associations, training programmes, and access to government offices in improving the quality of administrative decision-making. The findings indicate that coping practices are meaningfully associated with better administrative decision-making effectiveness, while support systems act as important predictors of confidence, timeliness, and quality in administrative decisions. The paper contributes to entrepreneurship research by shifting attention from merely identifying administrative challenges to understanding how first-generation entrepreneurs manage such challenges through practical coping mechanisms and external support structures. The study highlights that administrative effectiveness among first-generation entrepreneurs depends not only on individual capability but also on disciplined work practices and an enabling entrepreneurial support ecosystem.

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First-generation Entrepreneurs, Coping Practices, Support Systems, Administrative Decision-Making, Entrepreneurship Development

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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiculopathy or nerve root pain arise from disc herniation, spinal stenosis. This study focuses on disability, pain and range of motion of spine The study evaluates "The effectiveness of McKenzie technique versus neural mobilisatiom on reducing symptoms and disability of cervical radiculopathy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of McKenzie exercise versus neural mobilisation for the patients with cervical radiculopathy. METHODOLOGY: This study included 30patients, they were divided into Group A and Group B. Group A given McKenzie technique and Group B given neural mobilization. Pain was assessed using Visual analogue scale (VAS), and Range of motion by goniometer. RESULT: The results between pre-treatment and post-treatment scores of pain are considered. The mean and standard deviation are taken for both the Group A and Group B. The Group B showed better improvement in mean &standard deviation using Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry disability index scores and Range of motion value than the Group A. CONCLUSION: Both groups showed better improvement in reducing pain and functional disability. This study proved that Group B showed better improvement in reducing pain and reducing functional disability when compared to Group A

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KEYWORDS: Radiculopathy, McKenzie technique, Neural mobilisation, Visual analogue scale

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Abstract India and Nepal share one of the most unique bilateral relationships in South Asia, characterized by deep historical, cultural, religious, economic, and strategic connections. Since the establishment of modern diplomatic relations, both countries have maintained close interaction through the open border system, people-to-people contact, trade cooperation, and security coordination. However, the nature of India-Nepal relations has undergone significant transformation from 1980 to 2026 due to changing domestic politics, regional geopolitical shifts, globalization, and the increasing influence of external powers, particularly China, in South Asia. The contemporary geopolitical environment has created both opportunities and challenges for the bilateral partnership, making the study of India-Nepal relations highly relevant in present times. The present research paper examines the evolution of India-Nepal relations from 1980 to 2026 with special emphasis on political, economic, strategic, and regional dimensions. The study analyzes major developments such as Nepal's democratic transition, constitutional changes, border disputes, trade and transit relations, hydropower cooperation, and regional connectivity initiatives. It also evaluates the strategic implications of China's growing economic and infrastructural engagement in Nepal under initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has significantly influenced the regional balance of power and India's foreign policy approach toward Nepal. The research further highlights important bilateral issues including the Kalapani and Lipulekh border disputes, economic blockades, cross-border migration, water resource management, and security cooperation. The study explores how political instability and changing governments in Nepal have affected diplomatic trust and bilateral coordination with India. Simultaneously, the paper discusses the role of regional organizations such as SAARC and BIMSTEC in strengthening regional integration and promoting cooperation between the two neighboring countries. The study is analytical and descriptive in nature and is based mainly on secondary data collected from books, research journals, government reports, policy documents, newspapers, and official publications of India and Nepal. Historical and comparative methods have been used to understand the changing dynamics of bilateral relations over time. The findings of the study reveal that despite periodic tensions and geopolitical challenges, India and Nepal continue to share strong civilizational ties and mutual strategic interests. Economic connectivity, infrastructural development, energy cooperation, and cultural diplomacy remain key pillars of bilateral engagement. However, unresolved border disputes, political mistrust, and external geopolitical competition continue to create challenges in maintaining stable relations. The study concludes that sustainable diplomatic dialogue, mutual respect for sovereignty, balanced regional cooperation, and enhanced economic partnership are essential for strengthening India-Nepal relations in the changing geopolitical landscape of South Asia.

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India-Nepal Relations, South Asian Geopolitics, Bilateral Relations, Regional Cooperation, Border Diplomacy, Strategic Partnership, Connectivity, China Factor, SAARC, BIMSTEC, Trade and Transit, Hydropower Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Foreign Policy, Geopolitical Challenges, South Asia, Economic Diplomacy, Open Border System, Cultural Relations, Regional Stability

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In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, the frequency and sophistication of cyber-attacks have grown significantly, posing serious threats to individuals, organizations, and critical infrastructures.

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Cyber security, Cyber attacks ,Threat Detection , Threat Prevention , Information Security

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Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) remains one of the foremost public health challenges globally, affecting approximately 296 million individuals and contributing to over 820,000 deaths annually from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While nucleos(t)ide analogues and pegylated interferon constitute the current standard of care, their limitations including the inability to eradicate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), lifelong dependency, drug resistance emergence, and high treatment costs necessitate the exploration of complementary therapeutic agents. Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum Vent., Bignoniaceae), a revered plant in Ayurvedic medicine and a constituent of the classical Dashamula formulation, offers a scientifically compelling phytochemical profile for addressing the multidimensional pathophysiology of CHB. This review systematically evaluates the botanical identity, Ayurvedic classical categorization, phytochemistry, and pharmacological evidence pertaining to its key bioactive constituents including baicalein, baicalin, chrysin, oroxylin A, ellagic acid, and scutellarein. Evidence demonstrates that baicalein inhibits HBV through the CCDC88A-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy induction; baicalin suppresses viral transcription via the HNF4-alpha/HNF1-alpha axis; and chrysin reduces HBsAg secretion by up to 45% and HBeAg by up to 58% in vitro via HMGB1 targeting, with binding affinity superior to lamivudine. The plant additionally exhibits hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, and NF-kB suppressive activities relevant to CHB pathology. An integrative framework aligning Ayurvedic concepts of Yakrit Vikara and Kamala with modern hepatological paradigms is presented. Safety profile, bioavailability considerations, and the current research gap are critically discussed. This review establishes Oroxylum indicum as a rational candidate for adjunctive or integrated therapeutic development in CHB management, warranting rigorous clinical evaluation.

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Shyonaka, Oroxylum indicum, Chronic Hepatitis B, Baicalein, Chrysin, Oroxylin A, HBV, Dashamula, Hepatoprotective, Ayurveda, cccDNA, NF-kB, Integrative medicine, Antiviral flavonoids, Kamala

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Agriculture is one of the most important sectors for economic growth and food security. However, farmers face many challenges such as unpredictable weather conditions, water scarcity, soil nutrient imbalance, pest attacks, crop diseases, and inefficient use of resources. Traditional farming methods often depend on manual observation and past experience, which may not always provide accurate or timely decisions. As a result, crop productivity can decrease and operational costs may increase. To overcome these issues, this paper presents an AI Based Agriculture Monitoring System that combines Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), environmental sensors, cloud computing, and machine learning techniques for smart farming applications. The proposed system continuously monitors important agricultural parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, soil pH, and crop leaf condition. Sensors collect real-time data, which is processed using a microcontroller and transmitted to a cloud platform for remote access. Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the collected data and generate intelligent recommendations. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for plant disease detection, while Random Forest and Regression models are used for irrigation planning and crop yield estimation. The system can automatically alert farmers regarding water requirements, disease symptoms, and abnormal environmental conditions. The proposed model aims to improve farming efficiency, reduce water wastage, minimize manual effort, and increase crop productivity. It is low-cost, scalable, and suitable for both small and medium farms. This project demonstrates how interdisciplinary technologies can contribute toward sustainable and modern agriculture.

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Collision Detection * Safety System * Sensors * IoT * Accident Prevention * Arduino / Embedded System * Vehicle Safety

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Education is not only the main pillar of nation-building, but through education, a nation moves towards progress. By the united force of men and women, especially women, a country leads its way to the path of success. Women's empowerment is a necessity for this success. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once said: "If you educate a man you educate an individual, however, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family. Women empowered means mother India empowered". Education has been identified as a crucial factor in women's empowerment, enabling them to participate fully in social, economic, and political spheres. Education helps women become aware of their rights, dignity, and opportunities. However, women still face significant barriers to accessing education, particularly in developing countries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on women's access to education and importance of education in women empowerment. It examines the various factors that affect women's access to education, including cultural norms, poverty, discrimination, and lack of resources. The paper also highlights the challenges that remain in ensuring women's access to education, status of women education, need for women empowerment and the policies, provisions and programs that can help overcome these challenges.

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Women, Empowerment, Education, Gender Equality, Socio-Economic.

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This project presents a wearable IoT-based health monitoring system capable of measuring physiological parameters including heart rate, SpO?, body temperature, skeletal muscle activity, and ECG signals. The system uses ESP32 as the core controller, integrating MAX30102, MLX90614, MyoWare EMG, and AD8232 sensors. Data is transmitted to the Arduino IoT Cloud, where real-time dashboards display the readings and generate alerts when threshold values exceed normal ranges. An SOS push button enables emergency notifications. The system is compact, battery-powered, and suitable for remote monitoring applications.

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SpO?, ECG, EMG

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The purpose of the study is to determine the anthropometric traits, body composition, and physical fitness measurements of cricket players at the state and national levels. The tabulated "t" value is 1.686, and the significance level was set at 0.05. Standing height (2.03>1.66), weight (2.04>1.66), leg length (2.08>1.66), arm length (2.06>166), calf girths (2.024>1.66), upper arm girths (2.045>1.66), and thigh girths (2.08>1.66) are all significantly different. A study including 40 participants--20 state-level and 20 national-level cricket players--found that all 7 variables differed significantly. State-level cricket players lack the physical conditioning and anthropometric traits of national-level players. Therefore, anthropometric traits also improve cricket performance.

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Anthropometrics characteristics, cricketer players

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