Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

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Plant - based ingredient and their effectiveness: core components and industry important people want things that are natural. this is a shift in what people want and how businesses make things choosing the right ingredients in very important when making sprays to keep mosquitoes away. Essential oils from plants like citronella, eucalyptus, and pyrethrum are good at keeping mosquitoes away. Mosquitoes get confused by these oils. They can't find anyone. Ethanol is used a lot to make sprays, which is why they are good at keeping mosquitoes away. It goes well with oils. It makes the spray works better and last longer. Ethanol is good because it goes away quickly. This leaves a layer of the active ingredients on the skin. The rise of organic room fresheners more and more people are using air fresheners. They like the parts. They want to clean and freshen the air. Growth in the market The market for things that make rooms smell good is growing quickly. It will grow by 15% between 2026 and 2033 people want things that are good for them and the planet. Why people like organic people pick things because they are safer. They are better for the earth. They like that can clean and freshen their air.

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mosquito, organic, and mosquito repellent

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A Comparative Study of the Achievement in Mathematics of Class 6 Students Using Pen-Paper and Abacus

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A Comparative Study of the Achievement in Mathematics of Class 6 Students Using Pen-Paper and Abacus

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study examines the socio-demographic profile and the role of education in enhancing social empowerment among persons with disabilities. It analyzes variables such as type of disability, gender, age, and educational status. The findings indicate that higher education levels are associated with improved social acceptance, participation, and reduced discrimination. However, education has limited influence on deeper aspects such as belongingness and perceived equality. The study highlights the importance of inclusive policies and education in promoting social empowerment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Socio Demographic profile

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Arundhati Roy's political nonfiction--spanning Walking with the Comrades (2011), Broken Republic (2011), Capitalism: A Ghost Story (2014), and Azadi (2020)--constitutes one of the most contested and intellectually serious bodies of political writing produced in postcolonial South Asia. This paper argues that Roy practises literary witnessing: an ethically committed form of reportage that amplifies subaltern voices without absorbing them into an authorial monologue. Reading her essays against postcolonial theory (Fanon, Spivak), critical sociology (Gramsci, Agamben), subaltern historiography (Guha), and allied scholarship (Scott, Baviskar, Nilsen, Nussbaum), the analysis examines how Roy exposes development as internal colonialism, how Operation Green Hunt and Salwa Judum constitute a state of exception, and how mainstream media manufactures consent for militarised governance. The paper attends equally to the gendered dimensions of the conflict and to the ethical tensions latent in Roy's own position as a writer-witness, arguing throughout that her hybrid genre--between reportage, memoir, and political essay--is not incidental to her argument but constitutive of it.

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 Keywords

Arundhati Roy; internal colonialism; Maoist insurgency; literary witnessing; state of exception; Adivasi; counter-hegemony; postcolonial nonfiction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research article examines the intersection of race, gender, and class in selected novels of Zadie Smith and Jesmyn Ward, focusing on how these intertwined identities shape individual and collective experiences in multicultural and socio-politically complex contexts. Drawing on theories of intersectionality, Black feminism, and postcolonialism, the study analyses White Teeth and On Beauty by Zadie Smith alongside Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward. These texts reveal how marginalized identities are not experienced in isolation but are deeply interconnected, producing layered forms of oppression and resistance.The article argues that Smith and Ward portray characters who navigate hybrid identities within societies structured by racial hierarchies, economic inequalities, and gendered expectations. In White Teeth, Smith explores the cultural anxieties and generational conflicts of immigrant communities in Britain, while On Beauty highlights class divisions and racial tensions within academic and domestic spaces. Similarly, Ward's Sing, Unburied, Sing foregrounds the lived realities of African American communities in the American South, where systemic racism, poverty, and familial trauma intersect. Through a comparative analysis, the study demonstrates how both authors challenge dominant narratives by giving voice to marginalized subjects and exposing the structural forces that shape their lives. The findings suggest that intersectionality is crucial to understanding the complexity of identity formation in contemporary literature. Ultimately, this research contributes to ongoing discussions in multicultural and postcolonial studies by emphasizing the need to read race, gender, and class as mutually constitutive rather than separate categories.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Intersectionality,Trauma,Systemic racism, Oppression

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Face milling, EN31 steel, coated carbide inserts, cutting force, surface roughness, dynamic signal analysis, frequency-domain analysis, factorial design of experiments.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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During the world war what are the struggle they face

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Peace, Paradox,War, Silence, Survival

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Financial inclusion remains a critical challenge in rural and economically backward regions, where access to formal financial services is often limited. In this context, digital payment systems have emerged as a transformative tool to bridge the gap between the unbanked population and the formal financial sector. The present study examines the awareness, adoption, and usage of digital payment systems and analyses their role in promoting financial inclusion in the backward areas of Wayanad district, Kerala. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 respondents across selected regions of Vythiri, Mananthavady, and Sulthan Bathery taluks using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that awareness of digital payment systems among respondents is universal, while adoption is also significantly high. The chi-square analysis confirms a statistically significant difference in awareness and usage patterns. Among various methods, UPI emerges as the most widely known and used digital payment system. Mean score analysis indicates that respondents perceive digital payments as convenient, accessible, and effective in reducing the need for physical bank visits and improving access to financial services. However, while the perception towards financial inclusion is positive, it is relatively lower compared to other aspects, suggesting the presence of certain barriers such as digital literacy, trust issues, and infrastructural limitations. The study concludes that digital payment systems play a significant role in enhancing financial inclusion in backward areas, but targeted efforts are required to address existing challenges and ensure inclusive growth.

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Digital payment, financial inclusion, backward area, UPI, banking access

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Pattachitra is one of the most popular traditional paintings of India and is mainly practiced in the states of Odisha and West Bengal. The name "Pattachitra" comes from the words "patta" (cloth) and "chitra" (picture), in Sanskrit, referring to the origin of the work as a kind of cloth-based scroll painting. The present research is aimed to understand the historical evolution, aesthetic richness and cultural significance of Pattachitra art and to explore its relevance and application in contemporary fashion design. This study is a post-colonial study of Pattachitra art in Bengal and how it evolved from a religious storytelling medium to a vibrant visual medium that recognizes the contemporary socio-political issues. The research was conducted using a theme-based visual content analysis approach. The study has discussed six Pattachitra paintings ranging from traditional mythological narrative to modern socio-political representations. The artworks were selected through purposive sampling. Pattachitra is famous for its detailed work, bold outlines and bright use of natural colors. It is based on mythological and religious stories. Traditionally, artists have illustrated stories from epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, and themes related to Lord Jagannath and the Vaishnavite tradition. Making Pattachitra is a very detailed process,The word Pattachitra is made up of two Sanskrit words patta meaning cloth and chitra meaning picture, meaning that originally it was a form of painting on cloth which was rolled up in scrolls. The study aims at understanding the historical development, aesthetic richness and cultural significance of Pattachitra art, exploring its relevance and application in the field of contemporary fashion designing. The research identified three main aspects that emerged from the themes on the colonial period, the post-colonial period, the debate on hybridity, changing techniques and the mixing of Pattachitra with Western art. These include gender representation, national identity and the response to global crises. Through a gender lens, artists had reimagined the female figures in bold contours, expressive colour. A theme-based visual content analysis method has been used in this study.

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Pattachitra, Style, Traditional, Indian, Fashion Design, Cultural

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Plant diseases are a major threat to agricultural productivity and food security. Early detection of plant diseases helps farmers take timely action and reduce crop loss. This paper proposes a deep learning-based approach using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to detect and classify plant diseases from leaf images. The model is trained on a plant leaf dataset and achieves high accuracy. The proposed system provides a fast, cost-effective, and automated solution for disease detection in agriculture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Plant Disease Detection, CNN, Deep Learning, Image Processing, Smart Agriculture

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition