Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Democratic backsliding, characterized by the erosion of democratic norms, weakening of institutions, and concentration of power, has emerged as a significant challenge in the Global South--Developing countries. This phenomenon threatens political stability, civic freedoms, and the rule of law, raising concerns about the future of democracy in emerging economies. This paper examines the role of India's political security model in influencing democratic backsliding within its borders such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and across the other Global South Countries. As the world's largest democracy, India's political trajectory significantly impacts global democratic trends. In recent years, India has witnessed increasing centralization of power, curbs on dissent, and challenges to judicial independence, raising questions about its commitment to democratic principles. The paper explores how India's model of political security, through legislative frameworks like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the Information Technology Rules, impacts democratic resilience. By exporting its model of governance, India indirectly shapes political practices in neighboring countries and other developing democracies. The study employs a comparative analysis to evaluate the implications of India's political security approach on democratic backsliding, revealing a complex interplay between security imperatives and democratic integrity. It calls for a critical reassessment of political security strategies to ensure they do not undermine foundational democratic values. Furthermore, it investigates the implications of this model for other developing countries that look to India as a democratic benchmark. By analyzing India's political security practices within a comparative framework, this paper illuminates the broader dynamics of democratic backsliding in the Global South. The findings underscore the need for renewed commitment to democratic governance and institutional integrity. The methods used in the study is of descriptive research based on case study and secondary sources.

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Global South, Political Security Model, Democratic Backsliding, etc.

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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Child birth well-known as labor or delivery is a beautiful life event which is personal and different for each woman. During this period women have more concerns about their mode of delivery especially in the first delivery. The mother's right to choose the mode of d Vaginal delivery is the natural method of birth, though about 10% of normal deliveries may be complicated, caesarean section delivery is suggested to prevent either maternal or fetal morbidities and mortalities. Vaginal delivery is an essential component of compassionate and respectful care in modern obstetrics. Near about thirty years ago, there has been a significant rise in Caesarean section rates in middle- and developed countries all over the world. Caeserean section rates persist to increase in spite of data that there is no related enhancement to women or babies health; to a certain extent. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the level of knowledge on the choice of mode of delivery among antenatal mothers in selected hospitals, Kamrup (M), Assam. 2. To assess the level of attitude on the choice of mode of delivery for normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section among antenatal mothers in selected hospitals, Kamrup (M), Assam. 3. To find out the correlation between the level of knowledge and attitude for normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section on choice of mode of delivery among antenatal mothers in selected hospitals, Kamrup (M), Assam. 4. To find out the association between the level of knowledge on choice of mode of delivery among antenatal mothers with the selected demographic variables. 5. To find out the association between the attitude on choice of mode of delivery for normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section among antenatal mothers with the selected demographic variables. METHODS AND MATERIALS A descriptive survey research design was used in the study to accomplished the objectives. Purposive sampling technique was used for obtaining adequate sample for the study. Study was undertaken on 100 samples of antenatal mothers of selected hospitals of Kamrup (M), Assam. Respondents were selected on the basis of inclusive and exclusive criteria. A self - structured knowledge questionnaire and 5 point Likert scale was used as tool for the study. RESULT Out of 100 antenatal mothers, majority i.e 78 (78%) had moderate knowledge, 16(16%) had adequate knowledge and 6(6% ) had inadequate knowledge towards the choice of mode of delivery among antenatal mothers. The association was statistically tested and result showed that there were statistically significant between level of knowledge and selected demographic variables such as family income at p<0.01 level. With fisher exact p value of (p=0.004). On assessment of level of attitude towards the choice of mode of delivery for normal vaginal delivery, 64 (64%) had desirable attitude, 36(36%) had moderately desirable attitude and none had undesirable attitude towards normal vaginal delivery while for caeserean section, 53(53%) had moderately desirable attitude and 47(47%) had desirable attitude and none had undesirable attitude. On the assessment of correlation between knowledge and attitude scores towards the choice of mode of delivery for normal vaginal delivery, the ' r 'value is 0.224 and ' p ' value is 0.025 which is statistically significant at p<0.05 level of significant. The other demographic variables had not shown statistically significant association with the level of knowledge of antenatal mothers towards the choice of mode of delivery. On assessment of level of attitude towards the choice of mode of delivery for caesarean section, majority of the respondents i.e 53(53%) had moderately desirable attitude and 47(47%) had desirable attitude with mean 32.24 and SD 2.51. On assessment of correlation between knowledge and attitude scores towards the choice of mode of delivery for caesarean section among antenatal mothers, the ' r ' value is 0.129 and ' p ' value is p = 0.200 which is statistically not significant at 0.05 level of significant. There was no statistically significant association between level of attitude towards both normal vaginal delivery and caesarean delivery with selected demographic variables. There is a weak positive correlation between knowledge and level of attitude of antenatal mothers towards the choice of mode of delivery for normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section. This clearly infers that when the knowledge on choice of mode of delivery among antenatal mothers increases then their attitude towards the choice of mode of delivery for normal vaginal delivery also increases and their attitude for caesarean section will be moderately desirable. CONCLUSION After analyzing data collected, this study shows that the antenatal mothers have moderately adequate knowledge and desirable attitude for normal vaginal delivery and moderately desirable attitude for caesarean delivery towards the choice of mode of delivery. Therefore, it is recommended that there should be an awareness programme regarding the different mode of delivery its advantages, disadvantages respectively and it complications and also how to prepared mentally, emotionally and financially for delivery to the antenatal mothers, their spouse, family members so as to support them to choose their type of delivery. The healthcare worker should also educate the antenatal mothers whenever they come for check-up which will increase their knowledge and will promote maternal health.

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KEYWORDS: Knowledge, Attitude, Mode of delivery, Normal Vaginal delivery, Caesarean delivery, Antenatal Mothers

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This research sheds light on how computer technology impacts library science and services. It brings into focus the evolving role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the context of educational institutions, particularly school libraries. The research emphasizes the significant constraints faced by school libraries due to the lack of modern computer systems, poor-quality internet connectivity, and the overall absence of a robust digital infrastructure. As the world rapidly advances into the digital age, many rural schools are still struggling to catch up. This gap not only limits the efficiency of library operations but also hinders the students' ability to access timely and relevant information.

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ICT, school libraries, JNV, digital divide, e-Granthalaya, JNV Bhind ,ICT implementation in education, Rural education and technology, Library modernization, Educational technology, Digital infrastructure in schools, Challenges of ICT in rural areas

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Women empowerment in India focuses on improving women's social, economic, and political status to achieve equality and dignity. In Tamil Nadu the Government has initiated various programs for enabling women empowerment such as Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar Ninaivu Higher Education Assurance Scheme, Sathiyavanimuthu Ammaiyar Ninaivu Free Supply of Sewing Machine Scheme, marriage assistance schemes etc., The new innovative schemes for the women in state are Puthumai pen Thittam and Zero Bus ticket travel scheme for women in government buses. The Zero Bus Ticket Travel Scheme, also known as Vidiyal Payanam, is a Tamil Nadu Government initiative that provides free bus travel for all the women passengers in the city buses. This scheme aims to promote women's mobility and participation in the workforce, especially for those in the informal economy. Besides helping them to save on travel expenses, the Zero-Ticket Bus Travel (ZTBT) scheme for women in Tamil Nadu has enabled them to indulge in leisure activities such as visiting temples, beaches and parks besides meeting friends and relatives. This study aims to understand the passenger satisfaction and the impact that the scheme has created among the beneficiaries. The researcher has applied mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative) in this study. Purposive sampling method was used to obtain the needed number of samples from the universe. The sample size is 150 respondents hailing from Coimbatore District. Case study was also carried out to understand various qualitative views of the respondents. The major findings of the study indicates that the Zero Bus Ticket Travel scheme has a positive impact on passenger satisfaction. The elimination of fare-related barriers has led to increased ridership, particularly among low-income groups, students, and senior citizens.

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Zero Ticket Bus Travel Scheme, passenger satisfaction

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Dermatological disorders are a significant concern in adults, affecting both physical health and psychological well-being. Ayurvedic medicine, a traditional Indian system of medicine, offers a unique perspective on treating these conditions through holistic approaches and natural remedies. This review aims to analyze the effectiveness of Ayurvedic treatments for various dermatological manifestations in adults, including psoriasis, eczema, acne, and vitiligo.

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Ayurveda, Dermatological manifestations, Doshas.

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Abstract - In the presented research paper, A study of mental health of students studying at secondary level in the context has been studied.To achieve the study's goal, research hypotheses have been developed. Hundred 9th grade students from Kashipur city in the Udham Singh Nagar district were included in the sample for the study paper that was presented. The present study concerns with finding out the A Comparative study of mental health at the senior secondary level researcher has used descriptive survey method. The instrument developed by Dr. Sushma Talesara has been used to measure mental health. and Dr. Akhtar Bano and Family Environment Scale built by Shalusain" and "Prof. Parminder Kaur". It is known from the result there is no significant correlation between mental health and family environment of students studying at the secondary level. there is no significant correlation between family environment with the mental health of students studying at the government school. There is no significant correlation between family environment with the mental health of students studying at the private school.

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Mental Health, Family Environment, Secondary Level.

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Introduction Breast engorgement is a condition which is caused by rise in production of milk & blood flow which leads to tender & swollen breast that give sense of extreme fullness. Symptoms of engorged breast are firm, painful & swollen breast. Symptoms of severe breast engorgement include hard, swollen, warm, shiny breasts with slightly lumpy to touch & slight fever of around 100.4F. Methodology The aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of chilled cabbage leaves on breast engorgement among postnatal mothers in selected hospital of Amritsar, Punjab. Quasi experimental study design was adopted for this study. Purposive sampling technique was used in which 60 postnatal mothers (30 in experimental group and 30 in control group) was selected. Prior data collection Formal permission was obtained from the concerned authority of the hospital. Researcher explained the benefits of the study & obtained Informed consent from all the participants. The data was collected using tool consists of socio-demographic variables, six point engorgement scale. In experimental group postnatal mothers were administered with chilled cabbage leaves. After 1 week post-test data was collected from both the groups. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Results shows that in pre interventional level maximum (66.67%) of postnatal mothers were having moderate breast engorgement and others (16.67%) postnatal mothers having mild and severe breast engorgement in control group. in post interventional level maximum ( 70.00) of postnatal mothers having medium breast engorgement and others were having severe (16.67) & mild ( 13.33) breast engorgement. whereas in experimental group pre-interventional level , maximum (73.3%) of postnatal mothers were having medium breast engorgement and others (13.33%) were having mild and severe breast engorgement followed by post-interventional level maximum (60.00%) were having medium breast engorgement and others were having (36.67%) mild & severe (3.33%) breast engorgement. Hence, it can be concluded that the chilled cabbage has significant effect on the breast engorgement among postnatal mothers so, the null hypothesis is rejected. Conclusion The research conducted "a study to assess the effect of chilled cabbage leaves application on breast engorgement in post-natal mothers admitted in the post-natal ward of selected hospital, Amritsar. The result of this research was that the chilled cabbage leaf application was effective in decreasing breast engorgement in post-natal mothers; thus, it was concluded that chilled cabbage leaves were effective.

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Effectiveness, Breast engorgement, Chilled cabbage leaves application, Postnatal mothers

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Due to the workload of women working in the teaching profession, their changing mental conditions have always been ignored, often no special attention has been paid to their mental stress, as a result the situations turn out to be quite frightening.The presented research article focuses on the mental state of women teachers. Women working in educational work are unable to discharge their personal responsibilities how she, while performing her professional duties, is falling into the trap of depression and eroding the foundation of her mental state.This research article focuses on the psychological state of women teachers and its implications. Women in the teaching profession often juggle their professional duties with personal responsibilities, which can lead to increased stress and, as a result, an increased risk of mental health problems.Through systematic data collection and analysis, this study aims to understand the mental health of women teachers. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods,this research brings to light the mental challenges faced by women teachers and highlights the importance of institutional support to address them.The findings reveal that a significant proportion of female teachers experience depressive symptoms, with excessive workload, poor personal-professional life balance and lack of institutional support being major contributing factors.

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Women teachers, depressive symptoms, mental health, teaching profession, institutional support.

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Background: Episiotomy is a common surgical procedure performed during second stage of labor to enlarge the vaginal introitus and facilitate delivery. Although episiotomy aids in safe delivery of the child, the discomfort of episiotomy is an added concern in the already over stressed situation of puerperium. Considering the high rates of episiotomy, following vaginal deliveries, we need to offer patients treatment alternatives for perineal pain, based on scientific evidence. Sitz bath relieves discomfort as well as significantly promotes wound healing, also reduces surface contaminants which contribute in wound healing process. Cold application is also an another simple and common method used to relieve pain. It is safe, effective, low-cost and gives immediate pain relief. Objectives: 1. To assess the level of episiotomy pain reduction (experimental group 1- sitz bath and experimental group 2- cold ice pack) before and after the interventions among the postnatal mothers who are admitted in the selected hospitals of Goalpara, Assam. 2. To compare the pre-test and post-test level of pain score who received sitz bath as an intervention to reduce episiotomy pain among the postnatal mothers who are admitted in the selected hospitals of Goalpara, Assam. 3. To compare the pre-test and post-test level of pain score who received cold ice pack as an intervention to reduce episiotomy pain among the postnatal mothers who are admitted in the selected hospitals of Goalpara, Assam. 4. To compare the post-test level of pain scores of both sitz bath vs cold ice pack group among the postnatal mothers who are admitted in the selected hospitals of Goalpara, Assam. 5. To find out the association between the pre-test level of episiotomy pain reduction among the postnatal mothers who received sitz bath with selected socio-demographic variables. 6. To find out the association between the pre-test level of episiotomy pain reduction among the postnatal mothers who received cold ice pack application with selected socio-demographic variables. Methods: Quasi-experimental one group pre-test post-test design was used to accomplish the objectives. Study was undertaken on 42 postnatal mothers (21 for sitz bath and 21 for cold ice pack) admitted in the postnatal ward in Goalpara Civil Hospital, Assam by using non-probability purposive sampling technique and quantitative approach was adopted to achieve the study objectives. Postnatal mothers were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. Pre-test pain score was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale before each intervention. Intervention was conducted for 20mins twice a day in two consecutive days for both the groups. Post-test pain score was assessed after each intervention using Visual Analogue Scale. Results: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. A total of 42 postnatal mothers, majority of the respondents that is 26(61.9%) belongs to the age group of 21-25 years, 32(76.19%) were having the first delivery, 28(66.6%) have high school level of education, all 42(100%) were unemployed, 22(52.38%) belonged to Islam religion, 41(97.61%) were non vegetarian, all the 42(100%) family monthly income was Rs. 6768-20273, 39(92.8%) resides in rural area, 36(85.71%) live in a joint family, 38(90.47%) present pregnancy was planned and all the 42(100%) have not received any education related with coping on episiotomy pain. On assessment of effectiveness of sitz bath and cold ice pack in reducing episiotomy pain, the calculated paired t-test of pre-test and post-test pain score among postnatal mothers who received sitz bath and cold ice pack was 33.6 and 62.16 respectively which was more than the tabulated value 2.09 at 20 degrees of freedom. The study further revealed that the unpaired t-test of post-test level of pain score of both sitz bath and cold ice pack group was 0.011 which was less than the tabulated value 2.02 at 40 degrees of freedom. It was observed that demographic variables such as number of delivery (p=0.029) and planned pregnancy (p=0.014) showed statistically significant association with the pre-test level of episiotomy pain among postnatal mothers who received sitz bath at p<0.05 level and there was no association between pre-test level of episiotomy pain reduction among postnatal mothers who received cold ice pack application with none of the demographic variables. Conclusion: After analyzing the collected data, this study showed that sitz bath and cold ice pack application were highly effective in reducing episiotomy pain among postnatal mothers. There was no significant difference on the effectiveness of sitz bath versus cold ice pack application on episiotomy pain reduction among the postnatal mothers. After this study, it is recommended that there should be more awareness programmes for nurses regarding importance of the use of cold ice pack and sitz bath for postpartum women to reduce episiotomy pain, encourage the postnatal women to apply the cold ice pack and sitz bath at the hospital as well as home to improve their episiotomy wound healing and maintain their comfort and educate the pregnant mothers during antenatal visits about the importance of cold ice pack and sitz bath and how to take it after delivery.

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Effect, sitz bath, cold ice pack, episiotomy pain, postnatal mothers

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Abstract Government interference in economic activities remains a subject of intense debate in both developed and developing countries. In India, a country characterized by rapid economic transformation and significant socio-economic diversity, state intervention in the economy has played a pivotal role since independence. This paper critically examines the importance and impact of government interference in India's economic activities. It explores the historical roots of economic intervention, assesses its role in correcting market failures, promoting social equity, and catalyzing development, and analyzes the challenges it poses, such as inefficiency and corruption. By focusing on key sectors such as agriculture, infrastructure, and digital finance, the study offers a nuanced understanding of how government policies have shaped India's economic trajectory. The findings suggest that while government interference has often been necessary, it must be reformed to ensure transparency, accountability, and inclusive growth.

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KEYWORDS: Social Justice, Centralised Planning and development of key sectors, Liberalisation

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