Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

E-commerce relies heavily on customer reviews for product evaluation, but fake or deceptive reviews can distort product reputations and mislead buyers. We propose an AI-driven detection system that combines textual analysis and reviewer behavior features to classify product reviews as genuine or fake. The system employs natural language processing (cleaning, tokenization, and embeddings) and extracts semantic features (e.g., TF-IDF, BERT embeddings) alongside behavioral signals (e.g., reviewer account age, review frequency). Multiple classifiers (such as Random Forests, SVM, and a BERT-based neural model) are evaluated on benchmark datasets (e.g., Amazon and Yelp reviews). Our hybrid model achieves high accuracy (around 94%) and outperforms simpler baselines (~90%) from prior work. Evaluation metrics (precision, recall, F1-score) all exceed 90% for the best model. We include system architecture and training pipeline diagrams to illustrate the design. The results demonstrate robust detection performance suitable for integration into online platforms. Future work will extend to multilingual and real-time scenarios.

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 Keywords

Fake reviews, opinion spam, natural language processing, machine learning, BERT, ensemble classifier.

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The dominant sociological criminologies of crime are tried to be questioned critically in this essay by rigorous analysis of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. This essay analyzes the relationship between social structure, economic institution, and culture to form criminality and develop it. Adapting Emile Durkheim's theory of anomie, this essay analyzes how fragmentation of society and bad social integration result in criminality. The Marxist theory, which has its roots in conflict theory, focuses on how social injustices and power imbalances in capitalist countries create a crime-permissive environment for oppressed groups. Symbolic interactionism, through theories like Differential Association and Labeling Theory, focuses on social interaction and labeling in the construction of criminality. Through critical examination of such frameworks, the paper examines the implications for policy making, criminal law reforms, and crime prevention policy. The paper asserts the necessity to synthesize varied individual and structural approaches to explanation in crime control and gives critical appraisals of sociological knowledge production in relation to criminality in contemporary society.

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 Keywords

Sociological theories, crime, functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, anomie, Marxism, social inequality, criminal activity, collapse of society, power relations, crime prevention, legal reform, policy-making, Differential Association, Labeling Theory, social structure.

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BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most serious threats to patient health and remain a major challenge for healthcare providers worldwide. Among HAIs, surgical site infections (SSIs) are one of the most commonly reported HAIs, and wound infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for approximately one-fifth of all HAIs. With increasing in rate of SSIs that can be fatal for patient which can be prevented with proper guidance before and after surgery need to be emphasized as nurses plays an integral part. By assessing patient awareness and knowledge about the surgical site infection, deeper insights into existing patient perception and practices can be gained, thereby helping to identify attributes that influence the patients in adopting healthy practices and responsive behaviour. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To assess the level of Knowledge regarding Surgical Site Infection among Post-operative Patients in selected hospitals, Kamrup(M), Assam. 2. To assess the level of Self-care Practice regarding Surgical Site Infection among Post-operative Patients in selected hospitals, Kamrup(M), Assam. 3. To find out correlation between Knowledge and Self-care Practice regarding Surgical Site Infection among Post-operative Patients in selected hospitals, Kamrup (M), Assam. 4. To find out association between Knowledge regarding Surgical Site Infection among Post-operative patients in selected hospitals with selected demographic variables, Kamrup (M), Assam. 5. To find out association between Self-care Practice regarding Surgical Site Infection among Post-operative patients in selected hospitals with selected demographic variables, Kamrup (M), Assam. METHODS AND MATERIAL A descriptive research design was used in the study to accomplish the objectives. Non- probability purposive sampling technique was used for obtaining sample for the study. Study was undertaken on 70 samples in setting of selected hospitals of Kamrup (M), Assam. Respondents were selected on the basis of inclusive and exclusive criteria. Self-structured Knowledge questionnaire and inventory checklist on SSI was used as a tool to assess the level of knowledge and self-care practice. RESULT Out of 70 participants, majority i.e, 25(35.7%) belongs to the age group of 29-39 years, 21(30%) belongs to the age group 40-50 years, 14(20%) belongs to the age group of 51-60 years and only 10(14.3%) belongs to the age group 18-28 years among which 38(54.3%) were female and 32(45.7%) were male.37(52.9%) were graduate and above, 18(25.7%) were higher secondary education, 10(14.3%) have secondary education ,5(7.1%) have primary education. Majority i.e,24(34.3%) were govt. employee,19(27.1%)were homemaker, 9(12.9%) were self-employed/business, 7(10%) were private employee, 4(5.7%) were daily wager, 3(4.3%) were students, 2(2.9%) were unemployed and retired, respectively among which 19(27.1%) were earning between Rs 53,361- Rs 80,109 ,16(22.9%) were earning between Rs 80,110- Rs 1,06,849,12(17.1%) were earning between Rs 1,06,850 -Rs 2,13,813 ,9(12.9%) were earning between Rs2,13,814 and above ,8(11.4%) were earning between Rs 31,978 - Rs 53,360, 6(8.6%)were earning between Rs 10,703 - Rs 31,977.The participants underwent surgery i.e, 30 (42.9%) cholecystectomy,13(18.6%)appendectomy,11(15.7%)LSCS, 8(11.4%)exploratory laparotomy, 5(7.1%)hernia repair whereas 1 (1.4%)liver transplant, renal transplant and hysterectomy, respectively among which 32(45.7%) followed up between 11-20 days, 23(32.9%) followed up <=10 days, 10(14.3%) followed up between 21-30 days and 5(7.1%) followed up after >30 days. The study shows that 39(55.7%) had moderately adequate knowledge and 31(44.3%) had adequate knowledge regarding surgical site infection among post operative patients.55(78.6%) had adequate practice and 15(21.5%) had moderately adequate practice regarding surgical site infection among post operative patients. CONCLUSION The study concludes that when the knowledge regarding surgical site infection among post operative patients increases then their practice towards it also increases. There is a need to improvise more participation by health care workers in providing knowledge regarding Surgical Site Infection and Self-care Practice in order to prevent from SSI among post-operative patients.

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 Keywords

Knowledge, Self-care ,Practice, Surgical Site Infection (SSI) , Post-operative patients

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The interrelationship between mathematics and music represents a multifaceted domain of inquiry that bridges the sciences and the arts. This paper explores the intricate and longstanding relationship between mathematics and music, highlighting how mathematical concepts underpin and shape musical theory, composition, and performance. Drawing from historical foundations established by early thinkers such as Pythagoras, the study examines how numerical ratios form the basis of musical intervals and tuning systems. It also delves into modern mathematical applications in rhythm analysis, acoustics, and digital sound processing, including the use of Fourier transforms and algorithmic composition techniques. By analyzing both historical and contemporary examples, this research demonstrates that mathematics not only provides a framework for understanding the structure of music but also enhances its creative and technological potential. The paper ultimately argues that the convergence of these two disciplines reveals a unique synthesis of logical precision and artistic expression.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Music Theory, Group Theory in Music, Number Theory in Music, Fourier transform, Topological Music Theory, Combinatorics

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This review paper provides a comparative analysis of transgender legal protections in India, Argentina, and the United Kingdom, examining the evolution, structure, and effectiveness of their legislative and policy responses. Using a doctrinal review methodology, this study synthesises legal provisions, case law, and scholarly commentary to understand the extent to which these jurisdictions uphold the rights and dignity of transgender individuals. The paper explores the scope of legal recognition, anti-discrimination measures, healthcare rights, and socio-legal integration of transgender persons. It highlights progressive practices, such as Argentina's self-identification model and comprehensive health provisions, contrasts them with the challenges of enforcement and awareness in India post the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, and analyses the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004 and Equality Act 2010. The analysis concludes with recommendations for harmonising international human rights standards with national legislation.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Transgender rights, comparative law, gender identity, anti-discrimination, self-identification, legal recognition, healthcare access.

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The rise of e-commerce has changed the way that consumers buy, so it is necessary to create online platforms that are quick, scalable, and easy to use. This study looks at the MERN stack--MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node.js--as a state-of-the art method for developing complex e-commerce websites. Each technology in the stack has its own set of benefits, such as React for creating dynamic user interfaces, Node.js for handling high traffic,Express.js for efficient backend development, and MongoDB for dynamic data management. These technologies are combined in the MERN stack to assist developers in building scalable, reliable, and efficient e-commerce systems that promote future growth and make purchasing simple.

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 Keywords

online shopping platform, efficiency, integration, methodology, and e-commerce development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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BACKGROUND: Needle stick injuries refer to puncture wounds or cuts caused by needles , scalpels,or other sharp objects contaminated with bodily fluids , such as blood , saliva , or other potentially infectious materials . Needle stick injuries pose a significant threat to the health and wellbeing of healthcare workers , including nurses , doctors and other medical professionals . A needle stick injury is the penetration of the skin by a needle or other sharp objects which has been in contact with blood, tissue or other body fluids before the exposure and it can cause blood -borne diseases such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and even AIDS. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess the level of Knowledge regarding Needle Stick Injury among Nursing students in selected colleges and schools of Kamrup, Assam. 2.To assess the level of Attitude regarding Needle Stick Injury among Nursing students in selected colleges and schools of Kamrup , Assam. 3.To find out correlation between Knowledge and Attitude regarding Needle Stick Injury among Nursing student in selected colleges and schools of Kamrup , Assam. 4.To find out association between Knowledge regarding Needle Stick Injury among Nursing student in selected colleges and schools of Kamrup , Assam with their selected socio-demographic variables. 5.To find out association between Attitude score regarding Needle Stick Injury among Nursing student in selected colleges and schools of Kamrup, Assam with their selected socio-demographic variables. METHODS AND MATERIALS Quantitative Descriptive research design was used in this study to accomplish the objectives. Non -probability Convenience sampling technique was used for obtaining the adequate sample for the study. Study was undertaken on 246 nursing students studying in 2nd year B.Sc Nursing and 2nd year GNM in selected colleges of Kamrup , Assam. Students were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Knowledge regarding Needle Stick Injuries among Nursing students were assessed by using Structured Knowledge Questionnaire consisting of 30 questions and Attitude regarding Needle Stick Injuries among Nursing students were assessed by using 5-point Likert scale consisting of 10 statements to the respondents . RESULTS Result showed that out of 246 nursing students , all of the nursing students 246(100%) were aged 18-23 years, 236(95.9%) were female, 10(4.1%) were male , 123(50%) were students of B.Sc nursing 2nd year, 123(50%) were GNM 2nd year students , 246(100%) heard about Needle Stick Injury , 246(100%) source of information about Needle Stick Injury was from teachers , 174(70.7%) had encountered Needle Stick Injury , 72(29.3%) had not encountered Needle Stick Injury . In assessing Knowledge it reveals that out of 246 respondents , majority i.e. 199(80.9%) had moderately adequate Knowledge, 30(12.2%) had inadequate Knowledge and 17(6.9%) had adequate Knowledge .The mean Knowledge score was 17.67 with standard deviation of 3.26. In assessing Attitude it reveals that out of 246 respondents , 134(54.5%) had moderately desirable Attitude , 35(14.2%) had undesirable Attitude , 77(31.35) had desirable Attitude . The mean Attitude score was 34.21 with standard deviation of 6.83 The calculated Karl Pearson's Correlation Coefficient value of r=0.418 shows a moderately positive correlation between Knowledge and Attitude which was found statistically significant at p<0.001 level which clearly infers that when the Knowledge regarding Needle Stick Injuries among the Nursing students increases or decreases then their Attitude towards it also increases or decreases The association was statistically tested by chi square test. The analysis depicted that among all the demographic variables, educational courses (?2=8.782, p=0.012) and have you ever encountered Needle Stick Injury (?2=30.265, p=0.0001) had statistically significant association with Knowledge regarding Needle Stick Injuries at p<0.05 level and Socio-demographic variables educational courses (?2=37.932, p=0.0001) and have you ever encountered needle stick injury (?2=22.024, p=0.0001) had statistically significant association with level of attitude regarding needle stick injuries at p<0.05 level . CONCLUSION From this study it was observed that the majority of Nursing students had moderately adequate knowledge and moderately desirable attitude regarding Needle Stick Injury which indicate that the Nursing students are to prone accidental exposure to blood borne pathogens and body fluids. Hence , the investigator concluded that the best way to reduce NSI is to impart Knowledge and awareness about it .

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 Keywords

Keywords : Knowledge , Attitude , Needle Stick Injury , Nursing students , College and School

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article proposes a power quality (PQ) solution for the compensation of voltage sag on grid fed electric vehicle fast charging stations (EVFCS) using a T- type 7- level inverter based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). In this work, a lithium-ion battery pack with a rating of 48 V, 10 Ah, and 5 A is used as an electric vehicle (EV) battery. Firstly, the voltage sag shows a significant effect on the performance of EVFCS. The analysis of the effect of voltage sag on different characteristics of EVFCS, such as DC-bus voltage, battery current, state-of-charge (SOC), and battery voltage is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and through experimentation. Further, the design of the charging system is carried out using a 1-? rectifier and DC-DC converter with closed loop current control. The performance of a closed loop current controlled buck converter is investigated experimentally for different magnitudes of sag (0%, 25% and 50%). Furthermore, the ?? to dq transformation based synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory operated closed loop voltage controller is employed for 1-? DVR to mitigate a voltage sag of 50%. This DVR maintains rated DC-bus voltage (110 V) and rated battery current (5 A) under a severe voltage sag condition of 50%. Also, DVR protects the PCC (grid) from voltage harmonics generated by the EVFCS, reducing the PCC voltage THD to 2.42% from 9.8%.

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 Keywords

MLI, DVR, EVFCS, Power Quality, Voltage Sag, THD

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The retail industry continues to transform while making customer convenience and automation along with security essential elements for efficient store management. A new type of shopping cart solution named CartIQ resolves problems related to lengthy checkout lines and traditional cart-operation methods and store security issues. The shopping cart implements four advanced technologies including OTP-based GSM authentication for security, Bluetooth RSSI-based user tracking, ultrasonic obstacle detection and RFID automatic billing which all go through Arduino microcontrollers. The solution delivers shopping without hands, immediate billing and improved navigation that especially enhances the shopping experience for older and differently-abled customers. The modular structure enables the system to grow through additional features such as mobile applications and store mapping and payment gateways. CartIQ creates a dual benefit by reducing manual tasks while enhancing customer shopping experience which drives future retail automation developments.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart Cart, OTP Authentication, RFID, Bluetooth RSSI, Arduino, GSM Module, Obstacle Detection, IoT, Retail Automation, Embedded Systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), chatbots, fintech, e-banking, 'Trace and Tackle', tech-savvy, Generative AI, fraudulent transactions, financial crime and cyber threats.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition