Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

The provisions relating to arrest under criminal law play a vital role in maintaining a balance between the protection of individual liberty and the authority of the State to enforce law and order. With the enactment of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, replacing the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973, important reforms have been introduced in the procedural framework governing arrests in India. This research paper presents a doctrinal and comparative analysis of the arrest-related provisions contained in both legislations. The study is confined to the analysis of the enacted statutory provisions and examines the manner in which the BNSS restructures and modifies the earlier framework under the CrPC. The paper further identifies important developments under the BNSS, including the express provision permitting the use of handcuffs in specific categories of offences and offenders, stricter procedural safeguards concerning the arrest of women and vulnerable persons, and enhanced emphasis on accountability and transparency in arrest practices. In addition, the legislation strengthens the rights of arrested individuals by prescribing clearer timelines for medical examinations and encouraging the integration of technology within criminal procedure.Through a comparative evaluation, the study analyses whether the reforms introduced by the BNSS contribute towards greater procedural fairness and protection of fundamental rights or whether they potentially expand the discretionary powers of law enforcement agencies beyond reasonable limits. The paper ultimately assesses the likely impact of these changes on arrest practices, criminal justice administration, and the broader objective of safeguarding constitutional rights within the evolving framework of Indian criminal law.

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 Keywords

Arrest, BNSS 2023,Crpc 1973, Criminal procedure, Police power, Constitutional safeguards, rights of Accused, Criminal Justice system.

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Gently Falls the Bakula by Sudha Murty is a significant contribution to contemporary Indian English fiction. The novel explores the complexities of marriage, ambition, gender roles, self-sacrifice, and women's identity within a patriarchal social structure. Through the characters of Shrimati and Shrikant, Murty portrays the emotional and psychological struggles faced by women whose aspirations are overshadowed by societal expectations and male ambition. This study reviews the major themes and critical perspectives scholars have discussed in the novel. It examines the representation of women's identity, marital relationships, personal aspirations, and self-realization. Drawing upon feminist literary theory, the study analyzes how Shrimati negotiates her role as a wife while seeking personal fulfillment. The review highlights existing scholarship, identifies research gaps, and demonstrates the novel's relevance to understanding contemporary gender issues. The findings reveal that the novel critiques patriarchal values and advocates women's empowerment through self-discovery and intellectual independence.

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Sudha Murty, Gently Falls the Bakula, Feminism, Women's Identity, Self-Realization, Marriage, Patriarchy

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Abstract Title: Hospitality Culture in the Eighteen Minor Texts (Pathinen Keezhkanakku Noolgal) Hospitality (Virundhombal) is one of the most cherished cultural values of the Tamil people and occupies a significant place in classical Tamil literature. This study examines the concept of hospitality as reflected in the Pathinen Keezhkanakku texts, highlighting its ethical, social, and cultural dimensions. The study shows that hospitality was regarded not merely as a social custom but as a moral duty essential to ideal domestic life. Tamil literary works consistently emphasize that the prosperity and dignity of a household depend on its willingness to welcome and serve guests with kindness and generosity. Drawing evidence from works such as the Thirukkural, Nanmanikkadigai, Iniyavai Narpathu, Thirikadugam, Sirupanchamoolam, Naladiyar, and Elathi, this paper explores various aspects of hospitality. These texts stress that guests should be received with a cheerful face, offered wholesome food, and treated with respect regardless of their status. Hospitality is presented as a sacred responsibility that strengthens social harmony, earns divine grace, and enhances the honour of the family. The study also highlights the complementary roles of husband and wife in maintaining the tradition of hospitality. Women are portrayed as central to household management through prudent administration, care for relatives, reverence for guests, and devotion to moral values. Furthermore, the texts advocate extending food and assistance not only to guests but also to ascetics, travellers, the poor, relatives, and the needy, thereby reflecting the inclusive humanitarian outlook of ancient Tamil society. In conclusion, the Pathinen Keezhkanakku literature presents hospitality as a foundational ethical principle that promotes compassion, generosity, social unity, and righteous living. These literary works demonstrate that sharing food and caring for others are enduring expressions of Tamil cultural identity. The values embedded in these texts remain relevant today, encouraging contemporary society to uphold the timeless ideals of love, service, and human solidarity.

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Keywords: Hospitality (Virundhombal), Pathinen Keezhkanakku, Tamil Culture, Tamil Ethical Literature, Domestic Life, Generosity, Social Harmony, Cultural Heritage.

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The present study examined health problems and their determinants among adolescent girls in Kutch District, Gujarat. A quantitative descriptive and comparative research design was adopted. The sample consisted of 200 adolescent girls selected through stratified random sampling from urban and rural areas. Data were collected using the Adolescent Girls Health Problems Scale (AGHPS) and analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and independent samples t-test. The findings revealed a significant difference in health problems between urban and rural adolescent girls, with urban girls reporting higher health problem scores than rural girls. A significant difference was also found between school-going and non-school-going adolescent girls, indicating greater health problems among non-school-going girls. However, no significant difference was observed between adolescent girls belonging to joint and nuclear families. The study concludes that area of residence and school status are important determinants of adolescent girls' health, whereas family type has limited influence.

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 Keywords

Keywords: adolescent girls, health problems, urban-rural differences, family type, school status, Kutch District.

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Detection of occlusion in faces is still a big problem in face recognition systems. Real-world scenarios where individuals are partially obscured by masks, sunglasses, or objects passing by greatly reduce the effectiveness of traditional deep learning models in accurately identifying faces. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been very successful in this area, but require significant CPU power and are not well suited to real-time use on edge devices. In this paper, advanced neural network architectures--such as Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and Liquid Neural Networks (LNNs)--are explored in detail and compared in the context of face occlusion detection. These models are compared with conventional networks, explained in relation to neuro-morphic event based vision.

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Face Occlusion Detection, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), Liquid Neural Networks (LNNs)

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Grade IV rectal prolapse represents the most advanced stage of full-thickness rectal prolapse, characterized by permanent, irreducible protrusion of the rectum through the anal canal. It commonly affects elderly individuals, particularly females, and is associated with chronic straining, pelvic floor weakness, and conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure. Patients typically present with a visible mass per anus, fecal incontinence, mucous discharge, bleeding, and discomfort, significantly impairing quality of life. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on physical examination, though adjunctive investigations such as defecography, colonoscopy, and anorectal manometry may be utilized to assess associated pathology and functional impairment. Conservative management has a limited role in Grade IV prolapse due to its irreducibility and severity of symptoms. Surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment, with procedures broadly categorized into abdominal (e.g., rectopexy with or without resection) and perineal approaches (e.g., Altemeier's or Delorme's procedure). The choice of surgery depends on patient factors such as age, comorbidities, and surgical risk. Abdominal approaches are associated with lower recurrence rates, while perineal procedures are preferred in high-risk patients due to lower operative morbidity. In conclusion, Grade IV rectal prolapse is a severe condition requiring prompt surgical management to alleviate symptoms, restore continence, and improve patient quality of life.

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Grade IV rectal prolapse . Rectopexy surgical management

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The evolution of r?gas in the South Indian music tradition can be traced through lak?a?agranthas that preserve successive stages of musical thought. Among these, Caturda???prak??ika (CDP), R?galak?a?a of Muddu V??ka?amakhi (RL-MV), and Sa?g?ta Samprad?ya Pradar?ini (SSP) represent an important and continuous textual lineage spanning more than three centuries. This study investigates the historical role of the svara ??abha in the formulation, evolution, and classification of traditional r?gas, with particular reference to these three works. It first examines the treatment of ??abha in the older m?las and janya r?gas described in CDP, with particular attention to r?gas in which the svara is omitted. It then explores the formulation of the 72 r?g??ga r?gas in RL-MV and the treatment of viv?di r?gas as preserved in SSP, with emphasis on the principles governing the omission of specific svaras. Finally, it considers the historical classifications of two r?gas, namely Hamsadhvani and Am?tavar?i?i, as case studies to examine the relationship between scalar structure, r?g??ga affiliation, and the role of ??abha in r?ga identity. Through a comparative study of these treatises, the article seeks to provide a historical perspective on the significance of ??abha in the theoretical development of the South Indian r?ga system. The study suggests that ??abha may have functioned as an important factor in r?ga classification within the 72-m?la framework, with its omission and retention reflecting broader classificatory tendencies across the tradition.

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 Keywords

??abha, R?g??ga, M??a, Hamsadhvani, Am?tavar?i?i, 72-m??a scheme

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As biometric systems increasingly become embedded in the financial, governmental, and personal security systems, the accuracy of face recognition technology has become critical. At the same time, there is a growing number of Presentation Attacks (PA) and synthetic media, which are not covered by legacy static detection. This research paper provides an in-depth review of the current face anti-spoofing (FAS) tools employed in current authentication systems in 2026. We look at enterprise-grade solutions and open-source frameworks, and discuss them based on technical methods: from the traditional texture-based approach to cognitive, multimodal, and edge-based liveness detection. Moreover, the compliance with international security standards is analyzed. This survey offers a structured overview of the effectiveness of these tools in mitigating threats like high fidelity 3D masks, digital replay attacks and deepfake manipulations using AI.

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 Keywords

Face Anti-Spoofing, Synthetic Media Detection, Multimodal Biometrics, Deepfake Analysis

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Sustainability has become a critical priority in the banking sector as financial institutions strive to balance environmental responsibility with operational efficiency. This study examines the role of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and teller services in enhancing cost efficiency within the framework of sustainable banking practices. Technological innovations such as energy-efficient ATMs, paperless transactions, and cash recycling systems significantly reduce environmental impact while lowering operational costs. The transition toward self-service banking and digital transformation has decreased reliance on physical branch infrastructure, thereby optimizing resource utilization and improving customer accessibility and satisfaction. Initiatives such as green branches and financial inclusion programs further demonstrate the banking sector's commitment to sustainability. In the Indian context, the rapid increase in both on-site and off-site ATMs, along with their growing usage, reflects higher customer acceptance and alignment with sustainable banking objectives. Increased public awareness of sustainability practices and satisfaction with ATM services encourage frequent usage, thereby supporting sustainable operations. The study concludes that integrating sustainability into ATM and teller services not only advances environmental goals but also contributes to long-term financial and operational efficiency, benefiting banks and society by reducing costs, expanding access to banking services, and promoting financial inclusion

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Cost Efficiency,Environmental Sustainability, Self-Service Banking,Operational Efficiency, Financial inclusion

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Investigation of radon mass exhalation rates of soil samples collected from Maubuang, Keifang, Phulmawi, Thenzawl, Zanlawn and Meidum oil exploration area of Mizoram, India is carried out. Measurements were carried out using the scintillation-based Smart RnDuo radon detector. The measured radon mass exhalation rates in Aizawl district ranged from 7.27 to 23.49 mBq/kg/h with an average value of 12.43 mBq/kg/h. In Kolasib district it ranged from 7.04 to 17.88 mBq/kg/h with an average value of 12.13 mBq/kg/h. And in Serchhip district it ranged from 9.42 to 19.82 mBq/kg/hwith an average value of 13.04 mBq/kg/h. The combined oil exploration areas showed values ranging from 7.04 to 23.49 mBq/kg/h with an average value of 12.40 mBq/kg/h. Grain size distribution analysis indicated that radon exhalation tends to be higher in samples with more uniform grain size distribution. The results provide baseline information on environmental radioactivity and may be useful for future radiation safety studies in Mizoram.

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Radon mass exhalation rate, Smart RnDuo, Environmental radioactivity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition