Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Heat exchangers are extensively used in various industrial applications such as power plants, refrigeration systems, chemical processing units, air-conditioning equipment, and automotive cooling systems. Improving the heat transfer performance of heat exchangers is essential for increasing energy efficiency and reducing operational costs. Among various heat transfer enhancement techniques, twisted tape inserts and nanofluids have gained considerable attention due to their simplicity, low cost, and effective thermal performance. The present work investigates the enhancement of heat transfer in a straight tube heat exchanger using a plain twisted tape insert and copper oxide (CuO) nanofluid under counter-flow operating conditions. The plain twisted tape insert produces a swirling motion inside the tube, which improves fluid mixing and reduces the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The CuO nanofluid possesses higher thermal conductivity than conventional fluids, resulting in improved heat carrying capacity and enhanced energy transport.The experimental setup consists of a straight tube heat exchanger in which hot water flows through the inner tube while CuO nanofluid flows through the outer flow passage. Experiments were conducted at different flow rates while maintaining a constant hot fluid flow rate. The inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids were measured to evaluate the thermal performance of the system. The experimental data were used to determine important heat transfer parameters such as heat transfer rate, Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD), Reynolds number, Nusselt number, convective heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, effectiveness, and Number of Transfer Units (NTU). The results indicate that the combined use of CuO nanofluid and plain twisted tape insert significantly improves the heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchanger. Although the friction factor increases because of the additional flow resistance caused by the insert, the improvement in heat transfer performance makes this enhancement technique suitable for practical applications. The findings of the present investigation demonstrate that the combined application of CuO nanofluid and plain twisted tape insert can effectively improve the thermal performance of heat exchangers and can be utilized in various industrial thermal systems.

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 Keywords

CuO Nanofluid, Plain Twisted Tape Insert, Tubular Heat Exchanger, Reynolds Number, Nusselt Number, Effectiveness, NTU, LMTD.

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Religious reform movements among indigenous communities are often interpreted as attempts to preserve traditional belief systems in the face of colonial expansion and missionary activity. While such interpretations capture an important historical dimension, they overlook the dynamic role of religious reform in reconstructing collective identities and negotiating political belonging. This article argues that the Heraka movement among the Zeme Nagas of Northeast India represents a process through which indigeneity is actively reconstituted rather than merely preserved. Drawing primarily on Arkotong Longkumer's ethnographic work alongside broader sociological and anthropological scholarship, the paper examines how the Heraka movement transformed indigenous cosmology, ritual practice, and notions of community in response to colonial intervention, Christian conversion, and postcolonial identity politics. Rather than viewing religious reform as a conservative return to tradition, the article demonstrates that the Heraka movement selectively appropriated modern organisational forms while simultaneously reaffirming indigenous distinctiveness. A comparative discussion of the Seng Khasi movement among the Khasi further illustrates that indigenous religious reform across Northeast India has emerged as a broader strategy of negotiating modernity without relinquishing cultural autonomy. The paper argues that religious reform should be understood as a sociological process through which indigenous communities redraw symbolic boundaries, reconstruct collective memory, and articulate new forms of political belonging. In doing so, it contributes to contemporary debates on indigeneity, religion, ethnicity, and nationalism in South Asia.

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 Keywords

Heraka, indigeneity, religious reform, Northeast India, identity, Seng Khasi, ethnicity, nationalism

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Rapid urbanization has intensified demands on city infrastructure, making timely maintenance a critical challenge for urban managers. Traditional reactive and schedule-based maintenance approaches are inadequate for the dynamic, complex nature of smart city systems. This paper proposes a Digital Twin-Enabled Predictive Maintenance (DTPM) framework for smart city infrastructure using Internet of Things (IoT) sensor data and machine learning (ML) models. The framework integrates a three-layer IoT-Edge-Cloud architecture with a digital twin platform that continuously mirrors physical infrastructure assets including bridges, water pipelines, road surfaces, and utility networks. Two ML models -- Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for time-series degradation prediction and Random Forest classifiers for fault type classification -- are evaluated against simulated and publicly available infrastructure sensor datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the LSTM model achieves a fault prediction accuracy of 94.3% with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.031, while the Random Forest classifier reaches 96.1% accuracy with an F1-score of 0.94 for multi-class fault detection. The proposed framework significantly outperforms reactive maintenance approaches and offers city administrators a proactive, data-driven mechanism for maintenance scheduling, resource optimization, and fault prioritization. This research fills a critical gap in the existing literature by providing a concrete, implementable ML-based fault detection architecture tailored specifically for smart city digital twins.

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Digital Twin, Predictive Maintenance, Smart City, IoT, Machine Learning, LSTM, Random Forest, Fault Detection, Urban Infrastructure

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With the emergence of technologies and digital tools, the role of the teachers has transformed significantly in the classroom. They play multiple roles in order to build a better society and nation in a clear, close, and comprehensive manner. This study aims to investigate the Technological - pedagogical and Content Knowledge of Secondary school teachers with the aid of descriptive survey method. For this, two standardized tools were administered on a sample of 120 teachers selected randomly from Secondary schools of Bhagalpur city, Bihar state. The collected data was analyzed statistically following one way analysis of variance and t-test. The findings of this study show that teachers differ significantly in the TPACK with respect to their personality and school types. The teachers of Non-Govt. schools indicate a higher level of TPACK as compared to Govt. teachers. Conclusively, teachers, who are the basic pillars of the Indian education systems, have to play a vital role and they still have to serve a lot for the progress and welfare of mankind.

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TPACK, Secondary school teachers, Personality and type of schools

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This paper presents a live case study of an experiential entrepreneurship education initiative implemented at a business school in North India, wherein MBA students were assigned to conceptualise, launch, and operate real inventory-less e-commerce ventures using the dropshipping business model. The programme sought to bridge the persistent gap between classroom-based management education and the hands-on competencies demanded by the modern digital economy. The initiative engaged MBA students across two cohorts--first-year and second-year--who worked in cross-functional teams to conduct market research, identify suppliers, build live e-commerce websites, execute digital marketing campaigns, manage customer acquisition, and track financial performance. One team successfully surpassed the defined revenue milestone of INR 25,000, generating INR 34,000 in sales and qualifying for the institutional entrepreneurship finale. The paper documents the programme's design, phased implementation, outcomes, challenges, and key learnings. It contributes to the growing body of literature on experiential learning in business education and argues that inventory-less e-commerce models are uniquely suited as pedagogical tools for entrepreneurship education in resource-constrained environments such as Indian B-Schools.

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dropshipping, entrepreneurship education, experiential learning, e-commerce, MBA pedagogy, digital marketing, inventory-less business model, Indian B-Schools

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Abstract This study investigated the influence of gender equity on socioeconomic transformation among Indian women, considering state-level policy context as a moderating factor. In this study, using NFHS-5 data for 2019-21, gender equity has been measured with respect to household decision-making, asset ownership, and economic participation, and socioeconomic transformation through a wealth index, access to services, and living standards. Applying structural equation modelling and moderation analysis, direct and conditional effects are examined. The significant findings revealed that there was a significant positive influence of gender equity on socioeconomic transformation (? = 0.42, p < 0.001), thereby proving the hypothesis that women's empowerment would result in better standards of living. Moreover, it was found that policy context had a direct positive influence on women's empowerment in the American states (? = 0.30, p < 0.001), and the interaction of gender equity and policy context was statistically significant (? = 0.18, p < 0.01), thus proving the hypothesis. The reliability and validity of the measurement instruments were ascertained using the value of composite reliability (all values were above 0.82) and average variance extracted values (all values were above 0.54), revealing acceptable values of structural validity as demonstrated through CFI, TLI, RMSEA, and SRMR values of 0.94, 0.93, 0.046, and 0.041, respectively. Overall, these results illustrate that women's empowerment is an important facilitating factor in socioeconomic development, yet its potency depends on specific institutional and policy contexts, thereby reinforcing the value of seeking appropriate governance structures to support empowerment efforts.

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Gender Equity, Women's Empowerment, Socioeconomic Transformation, Policy Context, Moderation Analysis, NFHS-5, Structural Equation Modeling, India, Institutional Support, Development Outcomes

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The rapid growth of financial technology (FinTech) has significantly transformed the digital payment ecosystem by enhancing the accessibility, speed, and convenience of financial transactions. As competition intensifies, improving operational efficiency has become essential for ensuring the sustainability and long-term performance of FinTech payment firms. This study evaluates the operational efficiency of selected Indian FinTech payment companies using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non-parametric frontier technique. The analysis examines how effectively firms convert financial resources into revenue and profitability by employing total assets and total equity as input variables and revenue from operations and earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) as output variables. The findings provide empirical evidence on the relative efficiency of Indian FinTech payment firms and offer insights for managers, investors, and policymakers to strengthen resource utilisation and operational performance.

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 Keywords

Financial Technology (FinTech); Digital Payments; Operational Efficiency; Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); Indian FinTech Firms.

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It has been evident from various sources that the increased access to higher education remains a critical determinant of the social economic development especially in the economically marginalised regions such as rural areas of Jharkhand. Despite being endowed with various rich natural resources, the state of Jharkhand has been backward in terms of higher education especially in districts such as Khunti, Ramgarh, Giridih, Gumla, Lohardaga, etc. The student financing schemes such as student loans, scholarships, grants and allowances has emerged as a strong instrument in breaking the financial barriers which prevents the youth from rural areas to pursue higher education and gain competitive advantage. The study is focused on investigating the role of various student financing schemes in promoting the higher education among rural population and the retention of students in educational institutes in various districts of Jharkhand. It examines the effectiveness of Central and state sponsored-schemes such as - Post - matric scholarship for schedule cast and scheduled tribe (SC/ST), the Jharkhand state education finance corporation loan programs, the national scholarship portal initiatives etc. It is also focused on studying the increased employability and its impact on economic and social - development of various districts of Jharkhand. Employing a mixed methods approach, combining the primary surveys from the student beneficiaries, household interviews and secondary data from district education offices, this research assesses both the opportunities and structural limitations that are present in current student financing framework. Findings are expected to reveal a significant gaps in the awareness, institutional reach and timely disbursement of the funds particularly among the scheduled tribe communities and first generation learners.

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 Keywords

Student Financing, Higher Education, Tribal Community, Socio Economic Development, Scholarships

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ABSTRACT ?Background: The Community health nurse bag is crucial for transporting supplies during home, school, and industry visits, facilitating urine testing, medication administration, and eye irrigation. Constructed from materials like canvas or leather, it can be carried by shoulder or by hand. The bag is designed for comprehensive patient care and infection prevention, employing the "bag technique" to reduce cross-contamination and enhance cleanliness during visits. ?Objective: to assess the Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding Bag technique among GNM 2nd year students. ?Methodology: A pre- experimental study one group pretest post test design was used. Pre and post-test data was collected The study identifies the independent variable as a structured teaching program aimed at enhancing knowledge regarding the bag technique among II year GNM nursing students. The dependent variable is the knowledge level concerning the bag technique. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed for sampling. ?Results: In a study involving 40 GNM II second-year nursing students, 55% were aged 19-20, 25% aged 18-19, and 20% aged 20+. The gender distribution showed 30% men and 70% women. Pre-test results indicated that 67.5% scored between 0 and 5 (Fair), while post-test results revealed that 75% scored between 11 and 15 (Good). The improvement in mean scores from 8.65 (pre-test) to 16.02 (post-test), along with significant statistical findings (t 39=19.8, p<=0.05), led to the rejection of the null hypothesis and acceptance of the research hypothesis, indicating the effectiveness of the Planned Teaching program in enhancing knowledge of the bag technique among GNM II nd year nursing students. Conclusion: The study concludes that PTP regarding Bag Technique was Effectiveness. very effective in improving the skills of nursing students regarding bag and mask ventilation in neonates.

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Keywords: Effectiveness, Knowledge Bag technique ,Planned teaching programme GNM.

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The decade between 2014 and 2025 represents one of the most consequential periods in the evolution of India's governance architecture. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Indian state has pursued an ambitious agenda of administrative reform, digital service delivery, and economic restructuring, while simultaneously undertaking politically consequential decisions such as the abrogation of Article 370, the enactment of the Citizenship Amendment Act, and the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper undertakes a conceptual and critical review of the existing scholarship on what is widely termed the "Modi model" of governance, examining three interlinked dimensions: administrative centralization and its implications for federalism; digital governance and its claimed gains in administrative efficiency; and the relationship between nationalism, political communication, and democratic institutional behaviour. Drawing on biographical, political-science, and public-policy literature, the paper identifies a significant gap: existing accounts tend either toward celebratory documentation of policy achievements or toward normative critique of democratic backsliding, with comparatively little integrated, multi-disciplinary assessment of institutional outcomes. The paper argues that any rigorous evaluation of this governance period must hold the efficiency claims of schemes such as Digital India, Jan Dhan Yojana, and PRAGATI in tension with documented concerns regarding federal balance, institutional autonomy, and the conduct of dissent. The paper concludes by outlining a research agenda--combining institutional analysis with primary survey evidence across diverse Indian states--capable of producing an empirically grounded assessment of governance transformation under Modi.

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 Keywords

Governance, Narendra Modi, Digital India, Political Centralization, Federalism, Nationalism, Public Policy, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition