Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

:- Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a simple, rapid, and versatile analytical technique widely used for the separation and identification of components present in complex mixtures. This review highlights the fundamental principles of TLC, including its stationary and mobile phase interactions, capillary movement, and migration behaviour governed by polarity differences. The article discusses essential parameters influencing TLC performance such as nature of adsorbent, mobile phase composition, layer thickness, temperature, and sample mass. It also provides an overview of TLC instrumentation components including adsorbents, plate preparation, spotting, developing chambers, solvent systems, visualization techniques, and data evaluation methods. TLC remains a valuable tool across fields such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, phytochemistry, and natural product analysis due to its cost-effectiveness, minimal sample requirement, and ability to rapidly assess purity, monitor reactions, and support qualitative identification of compounds.

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 Keywords

TLC, Review on TLC, Thin Layer Chromatography, Instrumentation of TLC, Advantages of TLC, Principle of TLC.

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Similarly, pneumonia is among the more severe respiratory disease processes that affect millions of people around the world; children, the elderly, or immunocompromised individ- uals are at greater risk of becoming ill or dying from pneumonia. Additionally, early accurate diagnosis of pneumonia is critical for reducing mortality, as well as improving patient treatment and overall outcomes. Chest x-ray imaging currently remains one of the main modalities used for diagnosing pneumonia; chest x- rays provide rapid assessment of lung abnormalities and assist in diagnosing respiratory inflammatory disease processes. Traditionally, chest x-ray images were used for diagnosing pneumonia through the use of expertise and manual interpreta- tion of radiology. Currently, there is a large volume of patients, increased complexity of diagnostic studies, and increased limita- tion of medical resources leading to challenges in maintaining the rapidity and accuracy of diagnosing patients with pneumonia. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning technologies over the past several years have made significant contributions to the analysis of medical images, including the automated detection and classification of disease processes on radiographic images. The purpose of this research is to provide a comparative study of different deep learning model architectures for diagnosing pneumonia from chest x-ray images. Among the deep learning ar- chitectures evaluated were convolutional neural networks (CNN), ResNet50, DenseNet121, and VGG16. Within this comparative framework, diagnostic precision, reliability of classification, fea- ture extraction, scalability, and medical image interpretation performance are evaluated across multiple diagnostic scenarios. When evaluated experimentally, deep learning models provide significantly superior pneumonia detection capabilities as com- pared with classic manual diagnostic methods. Comparatively, deeper architectures with increased feature extraction capabilities exhibit superior diagnostic performance outcomes and have much lower rates of misclassification than shallower architectures. This study supports the increasing demand for AI-based medical imaging systems to enable more intelligent healthcare diagnostic and clinical decision-making processes. [1], [2]. Index Terms--Deep Learning, Pneumonia Diagnosis, Chest X-ray Images, Medical Image Analysis, Convolutional Neural Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare Imaging, Disease Classification

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Pneumonia Diagnosis Using Chest X-ray Images, Deep Learning

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Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) is perhaps one of the most prominent political novels written in the twentieth century. Having been written after the Second World War, this political novel explores the problems of totalitarian regimes, government surveillance, propaganda and oppression of human individuality. The author describes the dystopia in which the Party holds the total control over truth, history, language and consciousness of people. It is shown in the biography of the main character - Winston Smith.Oceania's institutions, for example, Ministry of Truth, Thought Police, and Newspeak system are some ways through which political power can control all aspects of people's lives. This paper highlights the author's criticism of totalitarianism in relation to Nineteen Eighty-Four being very relevant in today's world when talking about surveillance, propaganda, and freedom in democracy.

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Keywords: George Orwell, Totalitarianism, Surveillance, Newspeak, Political Power

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Fungal infections continue to pose a significant global health challenge, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, owing to their increasing incidence, high mortality rates, and the rapid emergence of antifungal resistance. Despite the availability of several antifungal drug classes, including polyenes, echinocandins, and azoles, their clinical utility is often limited by adverse effects, drug interactions, poor bioavailability, and reduced efficacy against resistant fungal strains. Among these agents, triazole-based compounds have emerged as one of the most successful and widely utilized classes of antifungal drugs due to their broad-spectrum activity, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and selective inhibition of fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. Clinically important triazoles such as fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole have significantly improved the management of invasive fungal infections and continue to serve as important lead structures for antifungal drug development. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of triazole-based antifungal agents. Various synthetic strategies, including heterocyclic synthesis, cyclization reactions, Schiff base formation, and click chemistry approaches, are discussed for the development of structurally diverse triazole derivatives. Particular emphasis is placed on structure-activity relationship studies and the influence of electronic, steric, and lipophilic factors on antifungal efficacy. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms of triazole-mediated inhibition of lanosterol 14?-demethylase (CYP51) and major resistance mechanisms are highlighted. Overall, recent progress in triazole chemistry underscores its vital role in antifungal drug discovery and supports the development of safer, more potent, and resistance-resistant antifungal therapeutics.

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Antifungal Drug Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR), Ergosterol Biosynthesis, Triazole Derivatives, Antifungal Agents.

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The Smart Irrigation System is designed to make farming easier and more efficient by using modern IoT technology. It helps farmers provide the right amount of water to their crops by continuously monitoring soil moisture, temperature, humidity and rainfall conditions. The system uses sensors to collect real-time data and an ESP32 microcontroller to automatically control irrigation based on the needs of the soil. It is connected to web application, allowing farmers to check field conditions, receive alerts via email and control the system remotely. By reducing water wastage, saving time and improving crop health, this system provides a practical and affordable solution for smarter and more sustainable farming.

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Smart Irrigation System, Internet of Things, IoT, Precision Farming, Automation, Sensors.

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Namita Gokhale's Things to Leave Behind explores the emotional struggles and identity crisis faced by women during colonial India. Through the character of Tilottama, the novel portrays the conflict between tradition and modernity in a patriarchal society. The novel also reflects the impact of colonial influence on education, family structure, and social values. This paper analyses themes such as feminism, memory, colonial transition, and female selfhood in the novel. Gokhale presents women as individuals who silently resist oppression and search for dignity and intellectual freedom. The study further examines how memory and history are reconstructed through women's experiences. Thus, the novel becomes an important feminist and historical text in contemporary Indian English literature.

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Feminism, Colonialism, Identity, Memory, Tradition

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Topical wound care is moving from passive coverage toward biologically active, microenvironment-responsive therapy. Conventional dressings protect the wound surface and absorb exudate, but they often fail to address the interacting causes of delayed repair: persistent inflammation, microbial biofilm, oxidative stress, protease excess, impaired angiogenesis, pain, and repeated trauma during dressing changes. Nanoformulations offer an attractive strategy because particle size, surface charge, composition, and architecture can be engineered to localize therapeutic action at the wound interface while reducing systemic exposure. This review examines emerging nanoformulation platforms for topical wound care, including lipid vesicles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanogels, nanoparticle- loaded hydrogels, metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles, exosome-inspired systems, and stimuli-responsive hybrid dressings. The article synthesizes current opportunities in antimicrobial delivery, anti-inflammatory modulation, moisture-balanced healing, oxygen and nitric oxide support, growth factor stabilization, phytochemical delivery, scar reduction, and smart monitoring. Particular attention is given to chronic wounds, diabetic foot ulcers, burns, pressure injuries, venous ulcers, and surgical wounds, where impaired perfusion and infection amplify the need for multifunctional topical systems. Nanoformulations can improve drug solubility, protect labile bioactives, prolong residence time, enable controlled release, and combine therapeutic and diagnostic functions in a single dressing platform. However, clinical translation remains limited by safety uncertainties, batch reproducibility, sterilization constraints, unclear regulatory classification, cost, environmental concerns, inadequate large-animal and human evidence, and the absence of standardized wound-relevant release and toxicity assays. A publishable research agenda should therefore prioritize clinically meaningful endpoints, infection and biofilm models, wound-fluid simulated testing, scalable green manufacturing, transparent reporting of physicochemical characterization, and comparative trials against advanced standard care rather than against gauze alone. The future of topical nanomedicine is likely to depend less on novelty of the particle and more on fit-for-purpose design: a formulation must match wound type, exudate level, microbial risk, patient usability, manufacturing feasibility, and regulatory expectations. Overall, emerging nanoformulations provide substantial opportunities to modernize wound care, but their promise will be realized only through careful risk-benefit evaluation, interdisciplinary formulation science, and evidence generation that is relevant to real clinical practice.

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Keywords: nanoformulation; topical wound care; nanomedicine; wound healing; antimicrobial dressing; hydrogels; nanofibers; nanoparticles; chronic wound

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 Abstract

The phrase "big data flaw" is a useful provocation, but the structural reality is more precise: the same infrastructure that makes contemporary AI systems useful -- large behavioral datasets, real-time feedback loops, and multimodal generative models -- is what makes individualized manipulation at scale possible. This is not a defect confined to one platform or model; it is an emergent property of combining cheap personal data, powerful generative capability, and engagement-optimized incentives. This brief synthesizes the current evidence base on AI-powered manipulation as of mid-2026, organized around five themes: I. The shift from mass broadcast to individualized persuasion. II. The specific technical changes that make 2026 qualitatively different from prior years. III. What the research literature does and does not support. IV. The empirical state of synthetic media and the detection arms race. V. The emerging defensive and regulatory response. "2026 becomes a contest between two opposing forces: the sophistication of manipulation and the sophistication of detection[2]." The brief is based on three findings. First, microtargeted persuasion relies on measurable psychometric traits, and explicit warnings to users do not reliably neutralize the effects of microtargeting[4]. Second, the research community itself describes the evidence base on AI manipulation mechanisms as immature -- while durable effects have been observed in some studies, realistic, ecologically valid testing is still limited and ethically constrained [5]. Third, in synthetic media specifically, detection has lagged generation in measurable ways: recent data demonstrate that humans' ability to tell deepfakes from authentic media is statistically indistinguishable from chance, which has shifted the field's main defensive strategy from post- hoc detection to content provenance at the point of capture .

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Keywords : AI-powered manipulation , Individualized persuasion / microtargeted persuasion , Big data flaw , Engagement-optimized incentives , Behavioral datasets Real-time feedback loops , Multimodal generative models , Synthetic media / deepfakes

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Digital payment system has significantly impacted consumer behaviour and saving habits. The rolling out of Unified Payment Interface (UPI) has further overturned the traditional banking system and revolutionized India's Digital Payment Interface. The interface has witnessed substantial growth in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities but the adoption rates vary. This variation can be a consequence of less awareness and financial literacy. Though some studies have been conducted previously to assess the usage of UPI, it was mainly concentrated in regions with high human development index and robust tourism infrastructure. While regions of state like Jharkhand remain underexplored due to its recent formation, political instability and high poverty rates. Therefore, this present study was undertaken to determine the current UPI usage rate along with financial literacy (specifically digital financial literacy) levels, and the impact of financial literacy on UPI adoption rate among users in tier-2 and tier-3 cities of Jharkhand. Cities like Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Dhanbad are typically classified as tier-2 cities, while Hazaribagh, Medininagar (Daltonganj), Ramgarh and Giridih fall under the tier-3 list. The study is based on descriptive and exploratory research design. Primary data collected with the help of structured questionnaire from selected tier-2 and tier-3 cities of Jharkhand has been utilized for analysis. Methods like percentage analysis, mean, median and mode are used for interpretation of findings. Statistical tools like correlation and regression are also used. The research found that there is a positive correlation between financial literacy and use of UPI. However, trust issues, security concerns and lack of technical knowledge inhibit adoption among many. The respondents and survey takers have suggested that mandatory geo-tagging of locations of both sender and receiver of the payments and use of AI to filter out fraudulent payments can reduce risks related to security.

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Unified Payment Interface (UPI); Digital Financial Literacy; Tier-2 city; Tier-3 city; Digital Payment; Interface.

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This paper examines James Herbert's Portent (1992) through the lens of biosemiotics to explore how the novel represents the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution as an interconnected ecological and semiotic emergency. Biosemiotics understands living organisms and ecosystems as sign-producing and sign-interpreting entities that communicate environmental change through altered behaviour, movement, disease, and ecological disturbance. Drawing on biosemiotic criticism and Ivar Puura's concept of 'semiocide', this study argues that Portent transforms environmental disruption into a network of readable signs through which the nonhuman world communicates planetary imbalance. In the Portent, the author used abnormal plankton behaviour, rising carbon dioxide levels, warming oceans, marine epidemics, and species decline as descriptive details of the triple planetary crisis and function as signs that reveal the breakdown of environmental relations under anthropogenic pressure. The oceanic space registers altered climatic conditions; meanwhile, diseased and dying marine bodies mediate the hidden erasure under pollution. The paper contends that Herbert's environmental imagination exceeds the conventions of disaster fiction by presenting the triple planetary crisis as a crisis of semiosis in which damaged ecosystems struggle to communicate distress. Therefore, the study demonstrates how literary texts can render visible the signs of planetary crisis in the Anthropocene.

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Biosemiotics, triple planetary crisis, James Herbert, Portent; emiocide; climate fiction, signs and semiosis

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