Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

People consider self-awareness to be an essential psychological ability which supports emotional control and behavioral changes and decision-making processes and personal development. Researchers have found that meditation-based interventions produce better results through improved awareness outcomes but current studies treat self-awareness as one complete universal measure. Researchers have dedicated limited empirical attention to studying how people develop distinct self-awareness dimensions and how those dimensions operate together especially in relation to Rajyoga meditation practice. The study investigated how adults develop self-awareness through Rajyoga meditation practice for eight weeks while proposing a framework which defines how its main components are interconnected. The study used a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test control group design to test 200 participants who included 100 Rajyoga meditation practitioners and 100 non-Rajyoga adults. The evaluation of self-awareness was conducted through four testing areas which included cognitive awareness and emotional awareness and behavioral awareness and reflective awareness. The research used statistical methods which included both descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests and independent-samples t-tests and gain score analysis and effect size estimation and correlation analysis. The findings revealed substantial improvements in overall self-awareness among Rajyoga practitioners, with a mean gain of 29.86 points compared with a negligible change among non-Rajyoga adults (Mean Gain = -0.44). Cognitive awareness demonstrated the highest developmental gain (6.28), followed by emotional awareness (5.86), behavioural awareness (5.82), and reflective awareness (5.77). Effect size analysis indicated very large intervention effects (Cohen's d = 3.95-4.02). Correlation analysis further revealed strong positive relationships among cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and reflective awareness (r = .651-.739, p < .01), suggesting that these dimensions' function as an integrated and interconnected psychological system. Based on the observed developmental patterns and dimensional interrelationships, the study proposes a multidimensional architecture of self-awareness development through Rajyoga meditation in which attention regulation facilitates cognitive awareness, which subsequently supports emotional awareness, behavioural awareness, reflective awareness, and ultimately integrated self-awareness. The study contributes to self-awareness theory, self-regulation theory, meditation research, and consciousness studies by advancing a multidimensional understanding of awareness development. Practical implications for mental health promotion, counselling, adult development, and meditation-based interventions are discussed.

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 Keywords

Rajyoga Meditation, Self-Awareness, Cognitive Awareness, Emotional Awareness, Behavioral Awareness, Reflective Awareness, Self-Regulation, Consciousness Development.

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 Abstract

he present study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and vibrational spectral investigation of biologically active Zinc (II) complexes derived from benzimidazole-based ligands. Zinc (II), an essential trace element with significant biological relevance, forms stable coordination compounds that exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. The synthesized complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, and spectroscopic techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Detailed vibrational spectral analysis was performed to identify the coordination sites and elucidate the bonding interactions between the Zinc (II) ion and the benzimidazole ligands

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Vibrational Spectroscopy, FT-IR Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Biological study

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the ownership structure of listed companies plays a vital role in determining corporate governance practices, managerial accountability, shareholder rights, and overall organizational performance. Traditionally, Indian listed companies have been characterized by concentrated ownership, with promoters and family-controlled business groups holding significant stakes and exercising substantial influence over corporate decision-making. However, recent developments in the Indian capital market have led to significant changes in ownership patterns. This study examines the present trends in the ownership structure of listed Indian companies and analyses the changing roles of various shareholder groups. The study is based on secondary data collected from reports published by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), National Stock Exchange (NSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and other relevant sources. The analysis focuses on key ownership categories, including promoters, Domestic Institutional Investors (DIIs), Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs/FPIs), mutual funds, retail investors, government holdings, and public shareholders. The findings reveal a gradual decline in promoter ownership and foreign institutional investor holdings, while domestic institutional investors, mutual funds, retail investors, and public shareholding have shown substantial growth. Government ownership has remained relatively stable over the period. The study concludes that Indian listed companies are transitioning from a promoter-dominated ownership model toward a more diversified ownership structure. This shift is expected to enhance transparency, strengthen corporate governance, improve investor confidence, and contribute to sustainable corporate growth. The evolving ownership pattern signifies a positive transformation in India's corporate sector and capital market.

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Ownership Structure, Listed Companies, Promoter Holdings, Institutional Investors, Mutual Funds.

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The Aravalli Hill Eco-system is one of India's oldest and most ecologically significant mountain ranges, extending across Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat. It supports diverse ecosystems, including dry deciduous forests, scrublands, grasslands, wetlands, and rocky habitats, which provide shelter to numerous plant and animal species. Besides conserving biodiversity, the Aravalli range plays a vital role in preventing desertification, maintaining groundwater resources, regulating climate, and protecting soil. However, increasing pressures from illegal mining, deforestation, urban expansion, habitat fragmentation, overgrazing, and climate change have threatened the ecological integrity of this fragile landscape. Recognizing the environmental importance of the Aravalli region, both government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have undertaken various initiatives to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable development. Government efforts include afforestation programs, protected area management, implementation of forest and wildlife conservation laws, watershed development projects, ecological restoration of degraded lands, regulation of mining activities, and community-based forest management. National missions and state-level environmental policies have also strengthened biodiversity conservation through scientific monitoring, habitat restoration, and sustainable land-use planning. NGOs have played a complementary role by promoting community participation, environmental education, biodiversity awareness, watershed conservation, livelihood development, and restoration of degraded ecosystems. Many organizations have encouraged local communities to adopt sustainable resource management practices, conserve indigenous plant species, and participate in forest protection through participatory approaches. Collaborative initiatives between government institutions, research organizations, civil society, and local communities have further enhanced conservation outcomes. This study examines the major development efforts undertaken by government agencies and NGOs for biodiversity conservation in the Aravalli Hill Eco-system and evaluates their contribution to ecological restoration and sustainable environmental management.

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Aravalli Hill Eco-system, Biodiversity Conservation, Government Initiatives, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Ecological Restoration, Community Participation, Sustainable Development, Environmental Management.

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Abstract: Farmers in India deal with a problem that most of us never consider during harvest season: what do you do with tons of leftover crop waste? Putting it on fire has been the solution for generations. It is fast, clears the field, costs nothing up front. But this habit -- repeated by millions of farmers across hundreds of millions of hectares -- is silently polluting our cities, modifying our soils, and throwing away resources worth billions of rupees every year. This paper introduces an AI-driven agricultural waste reuse system that changes that equation. Instead of burning, farmers photograph or describe their waste, receive instant AI-powered recommendations on the most profitable reuse option, and connect directly with buyers through a built-in digital marketplace -- all from a mobile phone. The system combines a machine learning waste classification module (ResNet-50 and XGBoost), a multi-criteria recommendation engine, and a feedback-driven marketplace. Built for low-connectivity rural environments and available in nine regional Indian languages, the system projects a 40-55% reduction in open-field burning, supplementary income of INR5,000-12,000 per hectare per season, and 1.2 ton of CO? avoided per hectare per year.

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Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Waste Management, Machine Learning, Circular Economy, Decision Support System, Digital Marketplace, Biomass Reuse, Sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Football players need aerobic endurance and explosive power for sprinting, jumping and quick turns(Stojkovi? & Utvi?, 2026). Combining or comparing these training methods is still understudied(Thapa et al., 2022, p. 46). Objective: To investigate the effects of an 8-week aerobic and explosive training on physical fitness and physiological properties of male football players. Methods: Men (18-25 years) were randomly divided into three groups: Aerobic Training Group (ATG, n=20), Explosive Training Group (ETG, n=20) and Control Group (CG, n=20). ATG participants ran at moderate intensity for 60 to 75% HRmax continuously, while ETG participants had plyometric and sprint training. The pre- and post-test measurements were VO?max, 30m sprint, vertical jump, agility, muscular strength, resting heart rate, blood pressure, and vital capacity. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA at p < 0.05 significance level. Compared to the CG, the results for the ATG and ETG showed significant improvement. ATG had a significant improvement in VO?max (12.3%) and vital capacity (8.7%), while ETG showed significant improvements in vertical jump (15.2%), 30m sprint (-8.1%), and agility (-6.4%). Aerobic training improves cardio-respiratory capacity and explosive training enhances power and speed. An integrated training program with both modalities is recommended for optimal football performance.

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 Keywords

Aerobic training, Explosive training, Football, Physiological variables, Physical fitness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Women empowerment is a transformative process that enhance women ability to exercise their rights access opportunities and participate equality in social, Economic and Political sphere. Although India has introduced several constitutional safeguard and development program women continue to face discrimination rooted in patriarchal norms education microfinance and community based initiatives Play crucial role in improving women decision making power and socioeconomic status. Government policies along with support from civil society and self help groups have contributed to improving health, education and empowerment outcome. Sustainable empowerment requires collective efforts to remove structural barriers and enable women to become self -reliam partner in development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Women empowerment, Gender Equality Socioeconomic Development, Education, Government policies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Modern women have effectively transitioned beyond traditional domestic boundaries to excel across diverse professional and industrial sectors. Exhibiting business acumen on par with their male counterparts, they are increasingly recognized as dynamic and strategic leaders within global and local economies. This shifting paradigm highlights a latent entrepreneurial potential that is being unlocked by rising social awareness, improved economic status, specialized knowledge, and innate adaptability. Despite various state-sponsored associations and institutional frameworks designed to uplift female business owners in Tamil Nadu, a notable gap remains in active enterprise adoption. Compared to male entrepreneurs, women often face unique psychological barriers, including lower initial motivation and heightened risk aversion driven by systemic societal apprehensions. This study investigates the socio economic profiles, motivational drivers, and core operational challenges of female entrepreneurs in the Coimbatore District. Utilizing a sample of 80 active entrepreneurs, the research identifies critical barriers, such as leadership training deficits, institutional gaps, and socio-economic hurdles, offering actionable recommendations for sustainable growth.

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Keywords: Women Entrepreneurship, Female Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurial Motivation, Socio-Economic Factors, Business Challenges, Women Empowerment, Coimbatore District.

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Road accidents caused by driver drowsiness and alcohol consumption remain a major concern worldwide. This paper presents a Smart Driver Drowsiness and Alcohol Detection System designed to improve road safety through real-time monitoring of the driver's condition. The proposed system utilizes a webcam to continuously monitor eye movements and calculate the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) using facial landmark detection techniques. When prolonged eye closure is detected, the system identifies drowsiness and generates appropriate warnings. An MQ-3 alcohol sensor is integrated to detect the presence of alcohol in the driver's breath. The system provides a multi-stage safety mechanism consisting of LED indications, buzzer alerts, and automatic engine control using a relay module. If severe drowsiness or alcohol consumption is detected, the vehicle motor is automatically stopped to prevent potential accidents. Experimental testing demonstrated that the system successfully detects driver fatigue and alcohol presence in real time and responds with timely safety actions. The proposed solution is cost-effective, reliable, and suitable for implementation in modern vehicle safety systems to reduce accidents caused by fatigue and drunk driving.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Driver Drowsiness Detection, Alcohol Detection, Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR), Facial Landmark Detection, MQ-3 Sensor, Road Safety

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition