Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Abstract The Sonowal Kacharis are one of the prominent indigenous communities of Assam belonging to the larger Bodo-Kachari ethnic group. Their religious tradition represents a synthesis of indigenous animistic beliefs, ancestor worship, nature worship, and later Hindu influences. Religion among the Sonowal Kacharis is not merely a set of rituals but a comprehensive worldview that governs the relationship between human beings, nature, ancestors, and supernatural powers. The philosophical foundations of their religion are reflected in their understanding of existence, morality, ecology, and community life. This paper examines the religious beliefs and practices of the Sonowal Kacharis from a philosophical perspective and explores the ontological, cosmological, ethical, and ecological dimensions of their religious worldview. The study argues that the religion of the Sonowal Kacharis embodies a rich indigenous philosophy that promotes harmony, sustainability, social cohesion, and spiritual continuity.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Sonowal Kachari, Indigenous Religion, Philosophy, Animism, Ancestor Worship, Nature Worship, Assam, Ecological Ethics

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that continues to pose a significant public health challenge worldwide. Early identification of individuals at risk of developing diabetes is essential for reducing disease-related complications and improving healthcare outcomes. Recent developments in artificial intelligence have enabled the use of machine learning and deep learning techniques for disease prediction; however, many existing predictive models lack transparency and interpretability, limiting their practical adoption in clinical environments. This study proposes an Explainable Ensemble Diabetes Prediction Model Version 2 (ESEDPM-V2), a hybrid framework that combines advanced machine learning, deep learning, and explainable artificial intelligence techniques for diabetes prediction. The proposed framework integrates CatBoost, LightGBM, XGBoost, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) through a stacking-based ensemble architecture. To improve data quality and predictive capability, several preprocessing techniques were employed, including missing value treatment, feature engineering, class balancing using Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), and feature scaling. Furthermore, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) were incorporated to provide both global and local explanations for prediction outcomes. Experimental evaluation was conducted using the Pima Indians Diabetes Dataset. The proposed ESEDPM-V2 framework achieved an accuracy of 77.92%, outperforming several conventional machine learning models and demonstrating competitive predictive performance. Explainability analysis revealed that engineered features such as Glucose_BMI, Glucose_Age, DiabetesPedigreeFunction, and Glucose were among the most influential predictors of diabetes risk. The findings indicate that combining ensemble learning with explainable artificial intelligence can improve prediction reliability while maintaining transparency and interpretability. The proposed framework may serve as a supportive decision-making tool for healthcare professionals involved in diabetes screening and risk assessment

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Keywords: Diabetes Prediction, Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Ensemble Learning, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, CatBoost, LightGBM, XGBoost, SHAP, LIME, Healthcare Analytics.

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Menopause; awareness; understanding; post-menopausal women; tea garden tribal communities; health education; women's health.

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ABSTRACT Pudur, in Kerala's Attappadi Taluk, is a critical interface between forest ecosystems and the Irula and Kurumba tribal communities. While the government has launched various developmental interventions, escalating Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) remains a formidable barrier to their success. This research contends that the efficacy of welfare schemes is fundamentally dependent on the human security of beneficiaries. Therefore, mitigating human-animal conflict is not merely an environmental task but a primary Administrative Duty and a foundational requirement for all tribal welfare programs. This study investigates longitudinal conflict trends in Pudur Panchayat over the last decade, analyzing whether administrative interventions have mitigated or inadvertently escalated the crisis. By evaluating the current state of governance, the research identifies systemic gaps in policy execution and existing mitigation strategies. Furthermore, the study proposes transformative administrative reforms aimed at optimizing the government's response. Ultimately, this research seeks to formulate a comprehensive and sustainable governance model that ensures the coexistence of forest ecosystems and indigenous livelihoods, providing a holistic solution to the administrative challenges of human-animal conflict in tribal regions.

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Human-Wildlife Conflict, Tribal Welfare, Administrative Governance, Attappadi, Pudur Panchayat, Indigenous Livelihoods, Conflict Mitigation, Human Security.

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Through ecocriticism, eco-literature became more popular in the late 20th century. Ecocriticism, as defined by Cheryll Glotfelty, is "the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment" One the most important eco-critical novels are Gift in Green (Aathi) by Sarah Joseph, a translator of which is Valson Thampu. Set amidst the ecologically vibrant village of Aathi, the story reveals nature as a sacred space interlaced with cultural memory, spirituality, and ecological awareness through its five elemental forces air water earth fire and space. The four elements of air, water, earth and fire have been interpreted in the novel as provided by nature: air signifies freedom, environmental balance and oral tradition transmission; water represents continuity, purification for a troubled lifestyle and resistance to ecological exploitation; earth embodies fertility and sustenance or growth supporting the village agricultural life; fire reconciling both sacred ritualistic implications but also reflecting human greed destruction to elements while space captures spirituality and collective existence. By depicting such elemental ecologies, Joseph reflects sustainability as a lived cultural ethos of balance, interconnectedness and reverence for nature. This paper discusses Gift in Green from the perspective of a five elemental ecologies and addresses the author's promotion of an earth-friendly worldview based on indigenous ecological knowledge.

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Keywords: Eco-literature, Ecocriticism, Five Elements, indigenous, Eco-oral traditions, abiotic, Sustainable ecology.

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In today's digital world, information is created and consumed in a variety of formats, including text, audio recordings, video lectures, and images. Despite its abundance, much of this information remains unstructured and difficult to interpret. Flowcharts and other diagram-based representations are widely recognized for its ability to communicate procedural, logical, and relational information effectively. However, creating these diagrams manually is still time-consuming and labour-intensive. Over the past ten years, research has shifted from traditional text summarization to multimodal knowledge extraction. More recently, it has transitioned to automated and bidirectional conversion between natural language and visual diagrams. This survey presents a detailed review of current research on multimodal abstractive summarization, automated task-graph and flowchart generation, vision-language translation of diagrams, and measures for understanding flowcharts. The paper covers the development of the field, moving from single-modality summarization to multimodal attention-based architectures and improved methods for diagram construction using generative and program-synthesis techniques. It includes a structured comparative analysis of key studies, outlining their methods, application areas, strengths, and weaknesses. Based on this analysis, several persistent research challenges are identified, including the limited availability of systems supporting true bidirectional conversion, the lack of editable generated diagrams, and the inadequate handling of real-time and streaming multimodal content. Future research directions are identified in the survey, focusing on adaptive and domain-specific modelling approaches, enhanced integration between editable diagrams and generative reasoning techniques, and the creation of standardized evaluation frameworks for bidirhttps://ijcrt.org/submitonline.phpectional text-diagram systems.

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Multimodal Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Diagram Interpretation, Natural Language Processing, Flowchart Generation, Bidirectional Conversion, Knowledge Representation, Editable Flowcharts.

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This paper explores the nuanced portrayal of marginalized women in the fictional landscape of R.K. Narayan's Malgudi, with a primary focus on The Dark Room (1938) and The Guide (1958). While early critics like K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar emphasized the "sacramental endurance" and moral resilience of Narayan's heroines, this study adopts a more critical lens to examine the systemic forces of their displacement. Drawing upon Meenakshi Mukherjee's theories on the "realism of limitation," the article argues that the marginalization of characters like Savitri and Rosie is a product of a rigid socio-legal framework and the panoptic nature of Malgudi itself. By analyzing the transition from the domestic confinement of the "dark room" to the stigmatized public stage of the "New Woman," the research investigates how economic dependency and caste-based social codes function as tools of subjugation. The study concludes that Narayan's "gentle irony" serves as a sophisticated mask for a poignant critique of patriarchal hegemony, offering a realistic depiction of the "subaltern" woman who remains at the periphery of the very social order she sustains.

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nuanced, sacramental, endurance, resilience, panoptic, stigmatized, patriarchal, hegemony, subaltern

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The present paper analyses the pattern of consumption expenditure of rural households to show the frequent changes in both food and non-food consumption expenditure due to the changes in income and occupation of the people. Consumption expenditure is increasing due to increase in urbanization, breaking up of the traditional joint family system, desire for quality food, lack of time which translates into an increased need for convenience. Increasing number of working women, rise in the per-capita income in forcible situations of other dominants, changing lifestyles and increasing level of affluence of the surroundings with lack of saving attitude and appropriate awareness brought a significant changes in the expenditure patterns among the rural communities. To examine the impact, the actual distribution of incomes and other selected characteristics of different income sources have been taken into consideration. With this background in this paper an attempt has been made to examine the impact of income and occupation on consumption expenditure among the rural population and to analyze the factors influencing the rural consumption pattern.

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Consumption Expenditure, Rural Household, Income, Urbanization

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The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed the transportation industry worldwide. App-based ride-hailing services such as Ola and Uber have emerged as popular alternatives to traditional taxi services by offering convenience, affordability, and technological innovation.

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Customer Attitude, Ola, Uber, Digital Era, Ride-Hailing Services, Customer Satisfaction, Technology Adoption, Transportation.

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Sandhigata Vata is one of the most prevalent degenerative joint disorders described in Ayurveda. It is characterized by pain, stiffness, swelling, crepitus, and restriction of joint movements due to aggravated Vata Dosha affecting the Sandhi (joints). In modern medicine, Osteoarthritis is considered a comparable condition involving progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and surrounding structures. Physical exercise plays an important role in maintaining joint mobility and muscle strength in Osteoarthritis. Among various therapeutic exercises, isometric exercises are considered safe and effective because they improve muscle strength without producing excessive movement at the affected joint. From an Ayurvedic perspective, regular controlled exercise helps maintain joint stability, improves circulation, reduces stiffness, and supports normal Vata function. The present article reviews the role of isometric exercise in the management of Sandhigata Vata with special reference to Osteoarthritis.

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Sandhigata Vata, Osteoarthritis, Isometric Exercise, Vatavyadhi, Knee Osteoarthritis, Rehabilitation

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