Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Driver drowsiness is a major cause of road accidents worldwide, leading to significant loss of life and property. This project presents an AI-Based Driver Drowsiness Detection and Alert System that continuously monitors a driver's facial expressions using a webcam and computer vision techniques. The system utilizes MediaPipe Face Mesh to detect facial landmarks and calculates the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) and Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR) to identify signs of fatigue such as prolonged eye closure and yawning. Based on the detected condition, the system generates different audio alerts using Pygame to immediately warn the driver. In critical situations, where eye closure exceeds a predefined threshold, the system captures an image of the driver and automatically sends an email notification with the captured image as evidence. The proposed solution is non-intrusive, cost-effective, and capable of real-time operation using standard hardware. Experimental results demonstrate that the system can effectively detect driver fatigue and provide timely alerts, thereby enhancing road safety and reducing the risk of accidents caused by drowsiness.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer Vision, Driver Drowsiness Detection, MediaPipe Face Mesh, Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR), Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR), Fatigue Detection, Yawn Detection, Real-Time Monitoring, Alert System, Road Safety, Webcam-Based Detection.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) has emerged as a critical approach to reduce the environmental impact of pharmaceutical analysis while maintaining analytical efficiency and regulatory compliance. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), although widely used in pharmaceutical quality control, is traditionally associated with high solvent consumption, energy usage, and hazardous waste generation. This review critically evaluates the integration of GAC principles into RP-HPLC method development, with a specific focus on antidiabetic fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). The complexity of these formulations, arising from diverse physicochemical properties of combined drugs, necessitates advanced optimisation strategies to achieve efficient and sustainable analysis. Recent studies demonstrate that the use of green solvents, such as ethanol and water-rich mobile phases, combined with Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) and Design of Experiments (DoE), can significantly reduce solvent usage and improve method robustness. Furthermore, the application of greenness assessment tools, including AGREE, GAPI, NEMI, and BAGI, enables quantitative evaluation of environmental impact. Alternative techniques, such as spectroscopic and miniaturised analytical systems, further support sustainability. Despite these advancements, challenges related to solvent compatibility, sensitivity, and regulatory acceptance persist. Overall, integrating green chemistry principles with advanced analytical strategies offers a promising approach to developing sustainable RP-HPLC methods for pharmaceutical quality control.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green analytical chemistry; RP-HPLC; Antidiabetic drugs; Fixed-dose combinations; Analytical Quality by Design; Green solvents; Pharmaceutical quality control; Sustainability

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study examined the impact of occupational stress on employee attrition in the pharmaceutical industry by analyzing various organizational and psychological factors. The study aimed to identify the major determinants influencing occupational stress and employee attrition among pharmaceutical employees. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and the hypotheses were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that sales pressure, organizational procedure, and lack of organizational support have a significant positive influence on occupational stress. Among these factors, organizational procedure showed the strongest impact on employee stress levels. The study further identified that reward system and burnout significantly influence employee attrition, indicating that inadequate compensation, lack of recognition, emotional exhaustion, and mental fatigue increase employees' intention to leave the organization. However, workload, leadership nature, and occupational stress did not show a significant direct influence on employee attrition. The results suggest that occupational stress may indirectly contribute to attrition through burnout and dissatisfaction rather than directly affecting employees' decisions to resign. The study concludes that pharmaceutical organizations should focus on improving organizational support, simplifying procedures, strengthening reward systems, and reducing employee burnout to minimize attrition and improve employee well-being and organizational performance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Occupational Stress, Employee Attrition, Burnout, Reward System, Organizational Support, Pharmaceutical Industry, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

SMEs are increasingly adopting online platforms to reach their customers, yet a majority of these entrepreneurs are constrained by time, skills, and financial resources when producing marketing content. In this paper, I shall discuss a content engine powered by AI with a marketing assistant that can generate product descriptions, social media marketing, blogs, and email marketing campaigns without any human intervention. I shall also discuss a latest NLP model with an innovative online platform to generate search engine optimized and target group-specific content, ensuring that such a solution would reduce reliance on external agencies and, as a result, small-scale entrepreneurs can increase their online visibility with greater marketing efficiency. It would offer multi-criteria forms of diverse content, tone-form changes, and a common content management system, ensuring that this would form a cost-effective solution to contemporary online marketing challenges.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Artificial intelligence, content generation, content management, digital marketing, marketing automation, natural language processing, small and medium-sized enterprises, web-based applications

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Branching Path Simulation (BPS) in nursing education is an innovative, technology-enhanced teaching strategy that places students in realistic clinical scenarios where they make decisions at multiple points, each leading to different outcomes. It helps develop critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and decision-making skills in a safe learning environment without risk to patients. BPS bridges the gap between theory and practice by promoting active learning and reflection through immediate feedback. It is delivered through various formats such as virtual patients, video-based scenarios, and computer-assisted simulations. Overall, Branching Path Simulation is an effective educational approach that improves nursing students' confidence, competence, and preparedness for real clinical practice.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Branching Path Simulation, Nursing Education, Clinical Reasoning, Critical Thinking, Decision-Making, Simulation-Based Learning, Virtual Patient, Clinical Competence, Scenario-Based Learning, Patient Safety.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract The prediction of ionization and solubility profiles is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical development, particularly for antihypertensive agents where physicochemical properties significantly influence drug absor0ption and bioavailability. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of in silico modelling approaches used for predicting ionization constants (pKa) and aqueous solubility, with a specific focus on their validation using experimental techniques such as potentiometric titration and the shake-flask method. Various computational methodologies, including quantitative structure-property relationship models, quantum chemical approaches, and machine learning algorithms, are discussed in relation to their predictive performance and limitations. The review highlights the importance of integrating computational predictions with experimental validation to ensure reliability and applicability in drug development. Potentiometric and shake-flask methods are examined as complementary techniques that provide accurate determination of ionization and solubility parameters. Correlation studies demonstrate that incorporating ionization data significantly improves solubility prediction, while discrepancies between predicted and experimental values underscore the need for hybrid modelling approaches. Furthermore, the review addresses current challenges in physicochemical prediction and outlines future perspectives, including the application of artificial intelligence and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. Overall, the integration of in silico and experimental methodologies offers a robust framework for optimizing antihypertensive drug development and improving therapeutic efficacy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

In silico modelling; pKa prediction; solubility prediction; antihypertensive drugs; potentiometric titration; shake-flask method; drug development; ADME.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????-???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? '???' ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ???????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????, ?????-???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?????? ?????-???????? ?? ???? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????-???????? ?? ???????, ??? ?? ???, ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

????? ???????, ??? ????????, ?????-????????, ???? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????, ??? ????, ??????? ?????

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The persistence of caste-based inequalities in India continues to challenge projects of social justice, despite constitutional safeguards, affirmative action policies, and decades of political mobilization. This paper examines the question of caste annihilation through an evaluation of Left political alternatives within the context of the Tamil caste system. Tamil Nadu presents a significant case study due to its history of anti-caste movements, Dravidian politics, agrarian transformations, and the sustained presence of Left organizations among workers and marginalized communities. While Marxist and Left traditions have historically emphasized class struggle as the principal axis of social transformation, the enduring salience of caste raises critical questions regarding the effectiveness of class-centered approaches in dismantling caste hierarchies. At the same time, the Tamil experience suggests that meaningful anti-caste social transformation requires an integrated theoretical framework that recognizes caste as a distinct yet interconnected structure of exploitation and social power. This realization has prompted Left intellectuals in Tamil Nadu to rethink the relationship between caste and class. Against this backdrop, the article argues that the prospects for caste annihilation cannot be located solely in economic redistribution; rather, they emerge from a comprehensive political project that integrates class struggle with direct confrontations against caste-based structures of social, cultural, and political domination. In light of this theoretical perspective, the article examines and analyses the activities and interventions of the Ayithochadana Munnani (Anti-Untouchability Front).

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Caste Annihilation, Tamil Nadu, Left Politics, Caste and Class Relations, Anti-Caste Movements, Social Justice.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Dyslipidaemia is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating effective pharmacological interventions. The combination of Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe has emerged as a clinically significant strategy due to their complementary mechanisms in reducing cholesterol synthesis and absorption. The increasing use of this combination has led to a growing need for reliable analytical methods for their simultaneous estimation in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices. Numerous chromatographic techniques, including reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been reported for this purpose. This review critically evaluates these methods with respect to sensitivity, selectivity, efficiency, and applicability. Particular emphasis is placed on Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), a systematic approach that enhances method robustness through risk assessment and design space establishment. The review synthesizes findings from reported studies, compares conventional and AQbD-based analytical strategies, and highlights current limitations such as matrix interference and method variability. Emerging trends, including green analytical chemistry and AI-assisted optimization, are also discussed. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive and critical perspective on chromatographic methods for the simultaneous estimation of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe, offering valuable insights for future analytical development.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Rosuvastatin; Ezetimibe; RP-HPLC; UPLC; LC-MS/MS; AQbD; Chromatographic Methods; Method Validation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper discusses the process of cultural assimilation and the impact of international relations on shaping the identity of the Chinese-Assamese community in Rita Chowdhury's Assamese novel Makam (2012). By examining the historical framework of the Chinese labourers recruited during the British colonial period to work in the tea plantations of the newly colonised Assam, the paper explores how these immigrants adjusted to a new environment despite initial difficulties, language barriers, and cultural differences. Utilising the frameworks of Henri Bunle, Walter Hirsch, and I.I. Kavass, the paper analyses the dynamics of migration, including voluntary and involuntary migration, the push-pull effect, and the forces that govern immigrant assimilation. It details how the offspring of these labourers integrated into the local population, creating a unique Indo-Chinese (Chinese-Assamese community to be more precise) by adopting the culture, customs, and language of Assam. Furthermore, the paper contextualises this assimilation within broader geopolitical shifts, including the changing dynamics of India-China, China-Myanmar, and India-Myanmar relationships, the McMahon line dispute, and the principles of coexistence. The study shows how infrastructure like roads supports both border trade and migration patterns, while also acting as a catalyst for forging cultural connections. Through characters like Ho Han and Mei Lin, the paper illustrates the hardships of forced deportation of people of the Chinese-Assamese community to Hong Kong following the Sino-India conflict of 1962. It examines the complex nature of identity formation, showing that while immigrants adapt to their destination, they carry a preserved love for their roots, language, and memories, resulting in a unique blending of cultures within a broad social context.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cultural assimilation, migration, Chinese-Assamese, tea plantations, international relations, Sino-Indian War

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition