Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed contemporary marketing practices, leading to the increasing adoption of chatbot-based conversational marketing across digital platforms. Chatbots facilitate real-time, personalised, and interactive communication between organisations and consumers, thereby influencing consumer attitudes, engagement, and purchasing behaviour. Despite the growing body of research in this domain, existing studies remain fragmented across theoretical, behavioural, and contextual dimensions. Therefore, the present study aims to systematically review the literature on chatbot-based conversational marketing and consumer behaviour and identify key research themes, theoretical foundations, and future research directions. This study adopts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following a structured screening and selection process. Relevant articles were collected from major academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Emerald Insight, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 studies published between 2015 and 2026 were selected for thematic analysis. The findings reveal that the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and UTAUT2 are the dominant theoretical frameworks employed in chatbot adoption research. The review further identifies perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, privacy concerns, customer experience, brand image, and behavioural intention as the most influential determinants of consumer acceptance of chatbot technologies. Additionally, Millennials and Generation Z emerge as the most receptive consumer segments toward chatbot-enabled conversational marketing. Emerging research trends include generative AI, emotional AI, voice-enabled conversational agents, and hyper-personalised customer engagement. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge, identifying research gaps, and proposing a future research agenda. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, academicians, and marketing practitioners seeking to understand the evolving role of conversational AI in shaping consumer behaviour and digital marketing strategies.

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 Keywords

Conversational Marketing, Chatbots, Consumer Behaviour, Artificial Intelligence, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), UTAUT, Trust, Behavioural Intention

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 Abstract

Meropenem is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic with significant activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. However, its conventional administration is primarily limited to parenteral routes, which may result in systemic adverse effects and reduced patient convenience. Recent advances in topical drug delivery systems have highlighted the potential of submicron emulsion gels as effective carriers for enhancing drug penetration, stability, and controlled release. This review summarises the current literature on submicron emulsion gel technology, including composition, preparation methods, characterisation techniques, therapeutic applications, and challenges associated with formulation development. Particular emphasis is placed on the suitability of these systems for topical delivery of meropenem in the management of bacterial skin infections. The review further discusses research gaps, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives for clinical translation. Overall, submicron emulsion gels represent a promising platform for improving topical antimicrobial therapy and enhancing patient outcomes.

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 Keywords

o Meropenem o Submicron Emulsion Gel o Topical Drug Delivery System (TDDS) o Skin Infection o Nanoemulsion o Emulsion Gel o Controlled Drug Release o Drug Permeation o Antibacterial Therapy

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This study examines the relationship between digital marketing strategy adoption and the growth of small businesses in Ranchi. Digital marketing helps businesses to promote their goods and services by using online platforms such as social media, TV ads, etc. This study estimates the awareness and challenges of digital marketing on the growth of small businesses. The research was evaluated by collecting primary data of 150 small business owners through a survey with a structured questionnaire and a Likert scale technique. The data was analysed through the simple linear regression to study the impact of digital marketing adoption on small businesses for their growth. The findings of the study indicate that a lack of awareness of digital marketing strategy, low adoption, and a lack of knowledge challenges affect the growth of small businesses. Findings suggest that proper training and knowledge about digital marketing strategy help to grow their businesses. In conclusion, the study highlights that the digital marketing strategy contributes to the growth of small businesses in the Ranchi District. Proper awareness, knowledge and training increase the growth of businesses.

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 Keywords

Digital Marketing Strategy, Small businesses, Business growth, Awareness

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This study examines the impact of financial literacy and effect of financial illiteracy on investment in stock market in Ranchi. Financial literacy let the investors know about the different kind of financial products, equity trading, mutual funds and digital investment platform and helps the investors to invest their money in good instruments and manage their own portfolio and diversify the risk. However, a large section of society still lacks adequate financial knowledge which negatively effect investment behaviour. The main objectives of the study are to examine rate of successful investor, identify their source of literacy and analyse effect of illiteracy on investment decisions. The research was evaluated by collecting primary data of 131 people through a survey with structured questionnaire with Likert scale technique. The collected data was analyse through percentage analysis, simple linear regression, mean and standard deviation of all variable. The study hypothesizes that financial illiteracy has significant impact on investment in stock market. Illiterate individuals invest in stock market by influencing from unauthorized sources. The rate of highly successful investor is still twenty three percent due to financial illiteracy. The findings of the study may helps individuals, education institutes and financial organizations in designing effective financial education programs to improve financial knowledge of the investors and promote informed investment decisions in Ranchi district and Jharkhand as a whole.

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 Keywords

Financial Literacy Source, Financial Illiteracy, Stock Market, Success Rate

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Attendance management plays an important role in maintaining discipline, academic records, and student participation in educational institutions. Traditional attendance methods such as manual registers, ID cards, and basic biometric systems often suffer from limitations like proxy attendance, human error, time consumption, and lack of real-time monitoring. To overcome these issues, this project proposes a Student Attendance Application using Face Recognition and Geo-Fencing for secure and automated attendance marking. The proposed system is developed for the Android platform using Java/XML, with Firebase Realtime Database used for cloud-based data storage and synchronization. The application uses face recognition to verify the identity of the student and GPS-based geo-fencing to confirm that the student is physically present within the authorized classroom or campus area. Attendance is marked only when both face verification and location validation are successfully completed. This dual-verification approach improves the authenticity of attendance records and reduces the chances of fake or proxy attendance. The system stores attendance data in real time and allows teachers, institutions, and parents to monitor attendance status instantly. By reducing manual workload, improving record accuracy, and providing transparent attendance tracking, the proposed application offers a smart, secure, and efficient solution for modern academic attendance management. Overall, the integration of face recognition, geo-fencing, Android technology, and Firebase makes the system suitable for smart campus environments.

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Attendance management plays an important role in maintaining discipline, academic records, and student participation in educational institutions. Traditional attendance methods such as manual registers, ID cards, and basic biometric systems often suffer from limitations like proxy attendance, human error, time consumption, and lack of real-time monitoring. To overcome these issues, this project proposes a Student Attendance Application using Face Recognition and Geo-Fencing for secure and automa

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In this developing economy, proper financial planning has become an essential for attaining financial independence in long run. Savings, investments and strategic financial planning play a vital role, helping individuals to achieve financial stability thought successive wealth creation and early retirement. However, individuals may differ in these factors on the basis of their occupation depending on their source of income, level of awareness, knowledge etc. This study focuses on understanding and comparing, saving and investment habits followed by these groups i.e. salaried employee and business person. The main objective of this research is to examine how individuals belonging to these two groups manage their finances. Identifying their approach towards wealth creation and early retirement. As salaried employees have a fixed regular income, which allow them to follow a disciplined saving and investment pattern. On the other hand, business person relies on irregular cash flow, which heavily influence their saving and investment behavior. This study helps us to conclude valuable insights, finding areas of improvements. The research study highlights the importance of financial planning in order to attain long-term financial independence and goals. In this modern era, individuals are still unaware about the structured financial plan, which eventually affect their financial stability in the future. Rallying on old traditional approach will eventually make an individual financial unsecure in the growing economy where inflation rates are on peak. Thus, the study also aims to increase knowledge in order to attain long term sustainability. The research is based on primary data collection form respondents form Tier II city, Ranchi district including people of both groups i.e. salaried employee and business person. Data is collected from a structured questioner through online survey from google forms and personal interviews. The finding of the study is likely to be expected as salaried employee rallying on more stable and disciplined savings and investment habits, while business person may prefer investments option which may incur high risk and return. Overall, the research study focuses on the need of better financial awareness among people belonging from all the groups of the society. Suggesting the people should adopt to different and balanced approach of saving and investment in order to achieve their financial goals. And the study will be useful for individuals, financial advisers, policymakers in adopting better financial practices and improving financial security in the region.

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 Keywords

Financial Planning, Early retirement, Wealth Creation.

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The growing demand for structurally efficient and economically viable construction systems has led to a significant increase in the adoption of steel-concrete composite technology in modern civil engineering practice. Composite structures leverage the complementary mechanical properties of structural steel and reinforced concrete, wherein the steel component provides high tensile strength and ductility while concrete contributes compressive strength and lateral stiffness. In the present study, a comprehensive comparative analysis and design of a G+15 commercial building (plan dimension 20 m x 20 m, total height 45 m) situated in Pune, Maharashtra, has been undertaken for both conventional Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) and steel-concrete composite structural systems using ETABS 2018 software. Both systems were modelled under identical loading and boundary conditions in Seismic Zone III as per IS 1893:2016 and analysed using the Equivalent Static Analysis method. Key structural performance parameters, including storey displacement, storey drift, storey shear, bending moment, shear force, axial force, and self-weight, were systematically evaluated and compared. The analytical results demonstrate that the composite structural system exhibits superior performance in terms of reduced lateral displacement (24.40% lower), lower storey shear demand (18.53% lower), reduced axial force in columns (7.6% lower), and substantially reduced self-weight (35.91% lower) relative to the RCC structure. A construction cost analysis further confirms that the composite structure is 6.22% more economical than the equivalent RCC structure. It is concluded that steel-concrete composite structures are structurally more efficient, economically advantageous, and technically superior compared to conventional RCC framed systems for high-rise commercial buildings in seismically active regions.

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 Keywords

Steel-Concrete Composite Structure, Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC), ETABS 2018, Seismic Analysis, Equivalent Static Method, Storey Displacement, Storey Drift, IS 1893:2016, Structural Performance, Construction Economy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The provisions relating to arrest under criminal law play a vital role in maintaining a balance between the protection of individual liberty and the authority of the State to enforce law and order. With the enactment of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, replacing the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973, important reforms have been introduced in the procedural framework governing arrests in India. This research paper presents a doctrinal and comparative analysis of the arrest-related provisions contained in both legislations. The study is confined to the analysis of the enacted statutory provisions and examines the manner in which the BNSS restructures and modifies the earlier framework under the CrPC. The paper further identifies important developments under the BNSS, including the express provision permitting the use of handcuffs in specific categories of offences and offenders, stricter procedural safeguards concerning the arrest of women and vulnerable persons, and enhanced emphasis on accountability and transparency in arrest practices. In addition, the legislation strengthens the rights of arrested individuals by prescribing clearer timelines for medical examinations and encouraging the integration of technology within criminal procedure.Through a comparative evaluation, the study analyses whether the reforms introduced by the BNSS contribute towards greater procedural fairness and protection of fundamental rights or whether they potentially expand the discretionary powers of law enforcement agencies beyond reasonable limits. The paper ultimately assesses the likely impact of these changes on arrest practices, criminal justice administration, and the broader objective of safeguarding constitutional rights within the evolving framework of Indian criminal law.

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 Keywords

Arrest, BNSS 2023,Crpc 1973, Criminal procedure, Police power, Constitutional safeguards, rights of Accused, Criminal Justice system.

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The rapid growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has increased the demand for efficient Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) to ensure battery safety, reliability, and performance. Lithium-ion batteries generate significant heat during charging and discharging operations, which can lead to thermal runaway, capacity degradation, reduced cycle life, and safety hazards if not properly managed. This paper presents the design and development of a Smart Liquid-Cooled Battery Thermal Management System for electric vehicle applications. The proposed system employs a 3S4P lithium-ion battery pack integrated with copper cooling channels, ethylene glycol coolant, a submersible pump, temperature sensors, and an Arduino Nano-based control unit. The developed system continuously monitors battery temperature and automatically activates cooling devices when the battery temperature exceeds predefined limits. Experimental analysis demonstrates improved thermal stability, enhanced temperature uniformity, and effective heat dissipation. The proposed solution provides a low-cost and practical approach for thermal management in electric vehicle battery systems.

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 Keywords

Electric Vehicles, Battery Thermal Management System, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Liquid-Cooled BTMS, Thermal Runaway Mitigation, Intelligent Temperature Control, Arduino-Based Monitoring, Battery Safety, Thermal Performance Enhancement, Heat Transfer Analysis, Energy Storage Technology, Sustainable Transportation.

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India's urban transformation is occurring alongside rapid economic growth, expanding infrastructure, and increasing climate-related risks. As the country advances towards the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, ensuring access to affordable, inclusive, and climate-resilient housing has become central to sustainable urban development. This paper examines the evolving concept of housing affordability in urban India, arguing that affordability extends beyond housing cost to encompass accessibility to livelihoods, public transport, social infrastructure, housing finance, and climate-resilient urban services. It highlights the importance of preserving existing community resilience mechanisms through in-situ upgrading, tenure security, and participatory planning rather than displacement-led redevelopment. The paper further explores the growing interaction between climate vulnerability and housing insecurity, particularly among low-income households residing in environmentally fragile locations. It emphasizes the need for climate-sensitive planning, resilient housing design, risk-informed land-use policies, and green infrastructure to reduce exposure to environmental hazards. The study reviews policy instruments for expanding affordable housing supply, including Transit-Oriented Development, land value capture, public-private partnerships, viability gap funding, rental housing reforms, and blended finance mechanisms. It also discusses the role of digital technologies in improving rental market transparency and housing governance. Additionally, the paper advocates for gender-responsive and universally accessible housing, integration of vernacular building knowledge with modern standards, passive cooling strategies, circular construction practices, and adoption of sustainable building frameworks. The analysis concludes that the future of affordable housing in India lies in the integration of accessibility, inclusion, resilience, sustainability, and economic opportunity. By aligning housing policy with climate adaptation and inclusive urbanization goals, India can create resilient communities that support social equity, environmental sustainability, and the aspirations of a developed nation by 2047.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Climate Resilient Housing, Viksit Bharat, Rental Housing, Housing Finance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition