Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Agriculture is one of the most important occupations in most of the states in India. Sivasagar district of Assam also holds agriculture practices as one of the main economic activities. This study explores the crop combination patterns in the Sivasagar district of Assam by applying two quantitative agricultural techniques for measuring crop combination. Weaver's and Rafiullah's quantitative methods were used in this study. The research identifies and classifies cropping patterns to understand the region's agricultural diversity. The findings highlight the dominant and associated crops. The study contributes to agricultural geography and can assist planners and policy makers in optimizing land use and crop planning in the region.

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 Keywords

Crop combination, minimum deviation method, maximum positive deviation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: In the context of a dynamic and globalized economy, consumer awareness and rational behavior are essential for ensuring fair trade and safeguarding consumer interests. Despite advancements in economic development, many consumers continue to face exploitation through unfair practices such as adulteration, misleading advertisements, and substandard goods. This study explores the level of consumer rationality, awareness, and perception of the Consumer Protection Act among commerce graduates in Palakkad district. It examines their behavior during pre- and post-purchase phases, their experience with exercising consumer rights and responsibilities, and the challenges they face in complying with consumer protection mechanisms. Primary data were collected from 60 commerce graduates using a structured interview schedule, and the results were analyzed using statistical tools such as MANOVA, OWA, Friedman Test, and TWA. Findings reveal that while many consumers possess basic awareness of their rights, there is a gap in their practical application due to complexities in legal procedures, lack of time, and limited knowledge. The study recommends enhancing awareness through targeted educational programs, simplifying complaint procedures, and promoting digital platforms for consumer grievance redressal.

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Key words: Consumer Protection Act, Consumer Rights, Rational Buying Behaviour, Consumer Awareness, Pre- and Post-Purchase Behavior, Consumer Responsibilities

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Blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive innovation in the financial services sector with improved security, lower cost of transactions, and new business models. Through decentralized, transparent, and tamper-proof transactions, blockchain has the capability to transform banking, payments, trading of securities, and asset management sectors. This essay delves into blockchain's revolutionary and transformative power in the financial system, with a view to diminishing intermediaries, simplifying processes, and increasing trust. Examples like cross-border payments, decentralized finance (DeFi), and smart contracts show blockchain's potential in enhancing efficiency as well as transparency. Challenges like scalability, regulatory unpredictability, and integration with traditional systems remain major obstacles towards broad-scale adoption. The article determines if blockchain is disrupting established financial paradigms or whether it will be a complementary technology for transformation. In tackling such challenges and opportunities, the article presents an equilibrium analysis of the role that blockchain plays in reshaping the future of financial services.

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 Keywords

Blockchain technology, financial services, decentralized finance (DeFi), smart contracts, transaction costs, regulatory challenges, scalability, disruptive innovation, transformation, financial ecosystem

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Water and sanitation service infrastructure and personal hygiene behaviours are potentially important determinants of health. Poor sanitation is one among the reasons for high Infant mortality rate (IMR) in India. The inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure and service delivery and unsafe behavior are collective responsible for high diarrhea incidence especially in children. Sanitation is a composite and comprehensive expression covering personal hygiene, domestic cleanliness, favorable environmental condition, safe disposal of waste water and solid waste. Safe drinking water supply and sanitation facilities are a basic need to life and a crucial input in achieving the health of "Health for all". The Ninth five year plan emphasizes on safe drinking water and sanitation as a primary responsibilities of the state through financial and technological inputs under the centrally sponsored schemes. The present paper mainly focuses on the level of awareness of women on safe water supply, hygiene and sanitation aspects.

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 Keywords

Water, sanitation, community, health, solid waste, households.

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India's Criminal Justice system has undergone tremendous changes over a period of time going from ancient period till date. The colonial period IPC for India was a remarkable piece of law for its time.The IPC's core stayed the same despite numerous changes over the yearsand many of its portion became outdated due to various developments over a period of time such as rapidly evolving society, new types of crime, and technological breakthroughs. There are several sections in IPC which penalised for acts that have become redundant, while new crimes such as cybercrime and organized terrorism, were added in IPC. Some of the sections of the IPC overlapped with other laws, leading to confusion and inefficiencies in law enforcement. Despite criticisms of its colonial roots and alleged deficiencies in handling contemporary concerns, the IPC has remained the cornerstone of Indian criminal law. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 is a new law to transform the colonial Indian Penal Code and address various challenges due to advancement in technology, change in perception of crimes, judgments of the Supreme Courts legalizing certain offences in IPC and ineffective punishments in existing IPC. Some of the offences are repealed and some new offences find place in BNS. The reforms specifically target serious offenses such as terrorism, corruption, mob lynching, and organized crime, while also abolishing the contentious sedition law that has often been wielded to stifle dissent and infringe on civil liberties. The legislation places a strong emphasis on victim support, providing comprehensive compensation and rehabilitation services to those affected by crime. It also aims for the protection vulnerable groups such as women, children, transgender and ensuring their rights are upheld within the justice system.

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 Keywords

Indian criminal justice system, The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, Indian Penal Code 1860, Mob lynching, Community services

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Yoga is the most ancient knowledge of India. This pious tradition of yoga is also mentioned in the Mahabharata, Bhagita Purana, Vishnu Purana, Brahma Purana, Yagyilkyasmrit and Yogishisht etc.

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Yoga asanas and pratisanas

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 Abstract

Mevad Ki mudra Me Rajvanshi Pratik Aur Unki Sathaa Abhivyakti

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Mevad Ki mudra Me Rajvanshi Pratik Aur Unki Sathaa Abhivyakti

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This article examines the lotic ecosystem, focusing on water quality, fish diversity, and the nutritional value of specific fish in Khan Talab and Ponang Talab from 2021 to 2023. Nutritionally, fish protein content was highest during the rainy season in Khan Talab which is located in Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh India, while carbohydrate content in fish peaked in the summer. Lipid content also peaked during the rainy season. Overall, the findings indicate stable with the rainy season providing the most nutritious fish catch.

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Lotic ecosystem, fish diversity, nutritious fish etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Deaf and mute individuals face unique communication barriers that limit access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a transformative technology that enables intelligent systems to learn from data, offering promising solutions for automatic sign language recognition and gesture interpretation. This review paper explores the application of ML techniques in identifying and interpreting sign languages used by deaf and mute individuals. It covers current models, datasets, real-time systems, challenges, and future research directions. The paper also presents real- world use cases, ethical considerations, and the role of NGOs and governments in promoting inclusive communication technologies

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 Keywords

Sign Language Recognition Machine Learning Deaf-Mute Communication Gesture Recognition Human-Computer Interaction Image Processing Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) Hand Gesture Detection Assistive Technology Natural Language Processing (NLP) Real-time Gesture Translation Vision-Based Recognition Multimodal Interfaces Accessibility Technology

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Objective: Insomnia (Anidra) significantly impairs quality of life, and conventional treatments with sedatives and hypnotics often lead to adverse effects. This review examines the efficacy of holistic alternatives--specifically, Ayurveda and Yoga therapies--utilizing Dincharya procedures (Shiroabhyanga, Padabhyanga, Karnabhyanga, Nasya) and yoga practices for managing insomnia. Data Source: The review analyzed clinical trials, case studies, and review articles obtained from reputable databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Shodhganga, and Dhara Portal. Studies published between 2014 and 2024 were considered, with eligible reports limited to English-language publications. Review Methods: Fourteen studies were critically appraised, including 9 randomized controlled trials, 3 review articles, and 2 case reports. Inclusion criteria targeted studies involving participants aged 18 to 95 years, with some focusing on elderly populations. The appraisal employed criteria such as study design, sample size, outcome measures (including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and serum cortisol levels), and risk of bias, with the majority adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Conclusion: Findings indicate that interventions such as Nasya, Shiroabhyanga, Padabhyanga, Karnabhyanga, and Pranayama significantly enhance sleep quality, reduce stress, and improve overall well-being--with combined interventions showing superior outcomes compared to single therapies (e.g., Bhramari Pranayama achieved a 17.9% reduction in serum cortisol). However, heterogeneity among interventions, small sample sizes, and methodological limitations restrict the generalizability of these results, underscoring the need for further large-scale trials.

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 Keywords

Insomnia, Anidra, Ayurveda, Nasya, Shiroabhyanga, Padabhyanga, Karnabhyanga, Yoga, Pranayama, Sleep Quality

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition