Volume 12 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

This study aimed at assessing patients' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding diabetes and its medication among patients with diabetes and identifying factors that increase knowledge. Thorough interviews were conducted in various diabetes clinics and hospitals in Vadodara and Anand. Patients were provided with a questionnaire in both English and Gujarati. Utilizing the Chi Square Method, the collected data underwent thorough analysis. The findings revealed a commendable level of awareness among patients regarding the effects and proper usage of diabetes medication, along with a keen understanding of associated complications. Moreover, patients demonstrated a clear recognition of the significance of regular check-up's and follow-ups for effectively managing their health. Despite these positive indicators, a notable disparity emerged between patients' perceptions and their actual practices. Specifically, many patients appeared to overlook essential aspects of diabetes management, such as adhering to scheduled eye examinations. This underscored the necessity of addressing barriers hindering patients from translating their knowledge and positive attitudes into consistent health practices. By targeting these obstacles, the potential exists for substantial enhancements in diabetes management outcomes, ultimately improving the overall well-being of affected individuals. Henceforth, there is a need for patient counselling during check-up's and the dispensing of medicine.

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 Keywords

Diabetes, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Medication, Awareness, Side effects, Routine examinations, Monitoring, Health behaviours, Patient counselling

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The need for secure and covert communication has become paramount in the digital age. This project presents a method for hiding messages within digital images using a combination of steganography and encryption techniques. The process begins with the user inputting a secret message, which is then encrypted using a Caesar cipher with a user-defined shift key. This encrypted message is further secured by embedding it into an image, leveraging the pixel values as carriers. The embedding process uses a user-provided security key to XOR the ASCII values of the encrypted message with the key, ensuring an additional layer of security. The resultant stegano image retains its visual integrity while concealing the secret message within its pixel data. The extraction process reverses these steps, requiring the correct security key to retrieve and decrypt the hidden message. This method balances simplicity and security, making it accessible while providing robust protection against unauthorized access. Experimental results demonstrate the technique's effectiveness in preserving the visual quality of the carrier image and securely embedding and retrieving hidden messages. Future work will explore enhancing the algorithm's robustness against various image processing attacks and optimizing the embedding capacity without compromising image quality. These qualities make it suitable for various applications, from personal privacy to secure communication in sensitive fields.

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cipher,stegnography,attacks.emcrypt

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Hemodialysis, End Stage Renal Disease, Urine Output, Electrolytes, Kidney Disease Quality of Life

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The top layer of earth known as soil consists of mixture of organic and inorganic particles and does not have greater strength to bear the load. India is a fast-growing nation and construction activities are increased day by day which results in scarcity of land, in order to overcome this problem, we have to improve the properties of soil by using stabilization techniques. In the modern world stabilization of soil becomes important before construction of any engineering project such as building construction, bridges, railways, airports. In order to make the stabilization process economical, the industrial wastes are used to replace the costly stabilizers. This research consists of materials such as RHA and WPS which are the wastes produced from rice husk mill and paper industry. RHA is added to natural soil in different percentages (4%, 8%, 12%, 16%). The optimum percentage of RHA to the soil found to be 8%. The UCS values of natural soil increases from 78.01kN/m2 to 116 kN/m2. After that the WPS is added to soil + 8% RHA mix at different percentages of WPS (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10) %. It was found that optimum value of UCS was found at 5% WPS and UCS value obtained at this percentage is 223.01 KN/m2.

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Rice Husk Ash, Waste paper sludge, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength

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All developed countries maintain good health care system in their country for its citizen's welfare. In New Zealand medical negligence suffered by the patients or their dependents is considered as "personal injury caused by medical treatment". The claims can be made under statutory compensation scheme. It is mandatory to register to practice medicine in New Zealand to ensure competency and fitness of doctor to treat patients. In New Zealand there is public & private healthcare system. The Accident Compensation Act 1972 was originally enacted to cover compensation for personal injury by accident. The ministry of health in New Zealand is committed to patient service free from medical negligence, so the country believes that patients suffering injuries during treatment should get fair, speedy & adequate compensation. So no fault compensation system allows patients to be compensated without burden of running around to courts and bearing litigation costs. The Medical Council of New Zealand is an independent body from Government. To protect the patient rights the council functions independently from the doctors & the govt. To put patient health & safety first, promote & encourage good medical practice; promote fairness & equality and diversity; do job fairly & follow principles of consistency transparency & balance fairly. It sets national standards and assessment for medical education and training. This ardent task of providing justice to the victims of medical negligence in our Country is well laid down in the Constitution of India on the 3 important organs of the state: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary in the Constitution of India. In this need of the hour the principle of No Fault liability can be implemented in India to compensate the patients for failure in duty of care by the medical service providers.

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Medical Negligence, Vicarious Liability, New Zealand Health Care, Accident Compensation Corporation, No- Fault Liability Principle, Treatment Injury

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Abstract- The Present research Proposal aim to investigate the role of Special educator teacher special education for a sustainable future. Special Schools : In special school students are admitted according to t in their ability, criteria of handicaps and impairment. The school impart instruction taking into view the trained and selected teachers. The system of education are feasible in residential schools. Some schools in metropolitan cities are taking this responsibility to make the children more useful for the society. Even now a days the Navodaya Vidyalaya in our country have taken a challenge in experimental basis to admit the superior children of rural and urban areas in their institutions. Besides, the visually, impared, hearing impaired, speech defectives and mentally retarded can get suitable education with the assistance of technological aids, equipments and other necessary provision. For the disabled children the physical plant of the school is made more congenial to suit the individual child with his handcaps. The education imported to the varied groups is considered from the general as well as vocational aspect to make them a more useful citizen of society. Special education is a modified programme which involves some unique tools, techniques and research efforts in improving instructional arrangements to meet the need of exceptional children. It is not a total different programme which is assigned for the normal children. But it adds a sort of design proposed to assist the gifted children, physically and mentally handicapped and socially retarded children. As it is a planned and systematically mentioned arrangement, majority of average children are not grouped into this category of education in sustainable future.Special education can be provided in general schools with some Special education can be provided in general schools with some special arrangement or in special schools the early history of special education was largely a history of separate schools; especially for children who were blind or deaf, whatever the problem, the solution was to put the child in a class with other children having similar problems. This was nothing but to exclude the handicapped from the main stream of the society. Thus separate, became only one of the meanings associated with special education. But as society's response to the handicapped began gradually to shift away from education critics of special classes, began to express doubts and there came special education. In accelerating the special education programme, extra time may be devoted by the same teacher or by an expert in the concerning field when a project is taken for a delinquent child the child may be directed 3 to attend his regular classes. He should also participate all the curricular and co-curricular activities carried out by the school. In addition to this he may be assigned with extra consultation hours in the school with the counsellor or school guidance officer or with the specific teacher to go through his special problems. The children with some difficulties may be included in this class but there is no necessity for the ordinary children to attend it With such kind of designed programmes the exceptional children achieve a great deal success in their personal and academic endeavours children with special needs.

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SPECIAL EDUCATION,SPECIAL SCHOOL,SPECIAL CLASS ROOM ,NPE 1986 AND THE PROGRAMME OF ACTION RELATING IN SPECIAL SCHOOL SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

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ABSTRACT Background: Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease is a condition that occurs when the refluxed stomach contents lead to troublesome symptoms and/or complications. Most of patients with chronic gastro-esophageal reflux disease develop Erosive Esophagitis (EE). Healing of EE, resolution of symptoms and prevention of complications are the treatment goals. The management of GERD is done by gastric acid suppressive therapy with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Here, Pantoprazole and Esomeprazole are used since it provides better efficacy than other PPIs. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Pantoprazole versus Esomeprazole and to assess the medication adherence in erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease patients. Materials and Methods: The prospective observational comparative study was carried out in 56 patients with GERD. The study was conducted by categorising them into two groups, 28 patients taking Pantoprazole and 28 patients taking Esomeprazole. Initially, Pantoprazole or Esomeprazole were given twice daily for both the groups respectively for two weeks followed by once daily for six weeks. The grading of Reflux Esophagitis is based on the Los Angeles(LA) classification. Symptom severity is assessed by using FSSG Scale. Patient's medication adherence will be assessed by using Adherence to Refill and Medication Scale (ARMS). Patient's quality of life will be measured using GERD-HRQL questionnaire. Result: By using those scales, there shows mild differences between the two groups in the healing rate of reflux esophagitis. The LA grade on comparsion of both the groups, the severity of Esomeprazole group is rapidly decreased compared with Pantoprazole group. Esomeprazole 40mg provided significantly greater healing than Pantoprazole 40mg after 8 weeks of treatment in patients with EE. Conclusion: Esomeprazole is more effective than Pantoprazole for rapid relief of heartburn symptoms and acid reflux symptoms in patients with reflux esophagitis.

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Gastro esophageal reflux disease, Erosive esophagitis, Los Angeles grade, Adherence to refill and medication scale.

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Ion exchange resins (IER) are solid, cross-linked water insoluble polymers with an acidic or basic functional group that can exchange their counter ions within the aqueous solutions surrounding them. Based on the nature of the exchangeable ion they are classified as cationic or anionic exchange resins. Sulfonic and carboxylic resins with a polystyrene backbone are generally used in clinical medicine. Resinates (drug-resin complexes) are generally prepared by conventional batch process and column process and evaluated for drug content,percentage complexation,invitro release studies, stability studies etc. IERs have been used as drug carriers in pharmaceutical dosage forms for sustained release due to their better drug-retaining properties and prevention of dose dumping. Now a days, bitter taste is a major limitation to patient compliance especially among peadiatric and geriatric population . A tasteless complex is formed between the drug and resin, thus the bitter sensation is masked. Research over the last several years has revealed that ion exchange resins have found applications in pharmacy and medicine, delivering purposes such as taste masking ,sustained or controlled drug release,sigmoidal release, enhanced drug dissolution, tablet disintegration etc. Several studies have reported the use of IER for drug delivery at the desired site of action. This review addresses the various types of ion exchange resins, mechanism of loading and unloading of drug into IER, formulation of drug resinates and their pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications.

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Ion exchange resin, Sustained release

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Rosuvastatin calcium is anti-hyperlipidaemic agent has low aqueous solubility resulting in low oral bioavailability thus presents a challenge in formulating a suitable dosage form to improve the aqueous solubility. Nanocomposites are novel technology for enhancing the solubility of Rosuvastatin calcium. Nanocomposite's formulation of Rosuvastatin Calcium was prepared by microwave induced diffusion method (MIND). The natural polymers like gum acacia, Chitosan and HPMC K4M were used as carrier in the formulation. Four different formulations were prepared with varying ratios of drug and carriers and corresponding physical mixtures were also prepared. The selections of natural carriers were based on their surfactant and wetting properties. The optimum drug-to-carrier ratio was found to be 1:4 which enhanced solubility as compared to pure drug. In vitro drug release exhibited cumulative release of 84.72% as compared to 27.38% for the pure drug. The optimized nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, these results suggest that nanocomposites using natural carrier is a promising approach for oral delivery of Rosuvastatin calcium.

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Rosuvastatin Calcium, Acacia, HPMC K4M, Nanocomposites, Chitosan

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"A Quasi-experimental study on effect of DiabCare SBT (Simulation-Based Training) module on self-care management in diabetic patients in OPD of selected hospitals in a metropolitan city" Tejal Suresh Mawale, Prof. Wilma Valsalan ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disease characterized by increased level of glucose in the blood resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There are two main type of diabetes, type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The primary goal of the study was to assess the effect of Diabcare SBT (simulation-based training) on self-care management in diabetic patients. Methods: A Quasi experimental study with 2 group post -test only design, Non -probability convenient sampling technique was used and Modified Diabetic Self-Care Management Assessment Scale was used to collect data from out- patient department of a tertiary care hospitals with 60 newly detected diabetic patients recruited. Results: In experimental group 15th day self-care management score mean is 33with SD 3.2483, on 3oth day self-care management score mean is 34.933 with SD 2.7156 and level of significance (p)=0.0001.In control group 15th day self-care management score mean is 24.7with SD 4.3164, ON 30th day self-care management score mean is 27.267 with SD 4.0932 and level of significance (p)=0.0137. On 15th day in control group and experimental group, self-care management total score mean 24.7 with SD 4.31 in control group and in experimental group self-care management total score mean 33 with SD 3.24 and level of significance (p)=0.01hence, there is significant difference in self-care management among diabetic patients with and without Diabcare SBT. conclusion: the SBT Module did bring about change in reported self-care management among diabetic patients, hence it may be recommended as an effective method of health education among diabetics Keywords: SBT; self-care management; diabetes mellitus; Modified Diabetic Self-Care Management Assessment Scale;

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Keywords: SBT; self-care management; diabetes mellitus; Modified Diabetic Self-Care Management Assessment Scale;

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