Volume 14 | Issue 9 | September 2026

 Abstract

This exploratory research article examines English Language Teaching (ELT) methods and approaches in relation to curriculum development and evaluation practices in high schools of Telangana State, India. The article synthesizes curriculum documents, teacher guidance materials, published research, and relevant theoretical literature to explore the pedagogical assumptions underlying the English curriculum, the methods and approaches promoted in classroom practice, and the relationship between curriculum transaction and learner assessment. Telangana's school English curriculum reflects a broad movement away from exclusively teacher-centred and grammar-dominated instruction toward learner-centred, interaction-oriented, integrated-skills, activity-based, and discourse-oriented pedagogy. At the same time, the implementation of these approaches is shaped by contextual factors such as teacher proficiency, class size, examination pressures, resource availability, multilingual classrooms, and variation in teacher preparation. The exploratory analysis suggests that curriculum development and evaluation should be treated as mutually reinforcing processes rather than separate administrative activities. A balanced framework is proposed that links curricular objectives, language competencies, classroom tasks, formative assessment, performance-based evaluation, feedback, and summative assessment. The article argues that high-school ELT in Telangana can be strengthened through systematic needs analysis, context-sensitive pedagogy, teacher professional development, authentic assessment, assessment literacy, digital support, and stronger feedback loops between evaluation evidence and curriculum revision. The study concludes with implications for policymakers, curriculum developers, teachers, school leaders, and future researchers.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

English language teaching; methods and approaches; curriculum development; evaluation; assessment; high schools; Telangana.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Diabetic wound healing, Hesperetin, Ferulic acid, Nanostructured lipid carrier, Dual-Responsive Hydrogel, Topical drug delivery.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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crypto currency has emerged as one of the most significant financial innovations of the digital era, attracting considerable interest from Generation Z because of its technological orientation and extensive use of digital platforms. Digital marketing channels, including social media, influencer marketing, online communities, and digital advertising, have become important sources of information that shape perceptions and investment intentions toward cryptocurrencies. Despite this growth, the mechanisms through which digital marketing influences crypto currency adoption among Generation Z remain insufficiently understood. This study aims to examine the influence of digital marketing platforms on crypto currency adoption by considering the mediating role of trust and the impact of social media engagement. A quantitative research design is proposed using structured questionnaires administered to Generation Z respondents in India. The collected data will be analysed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through Smart PLS or AMOS. The study is expected to provide insights into the relationship between digital marketing strategies, trust, social media engagement, and crypto currency adoption intentions. The findings will contribute to marketing literature and offer practical recommendations for crypto currency exchanges, fintech companies, and policymakers.

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 Keywords

Crypto currency, Generation Z, Digital Marketing, Social Media Engagement, Trust, Crypto currency Adoption, FinTech

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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First Aid, School Teachers, Medical Emergencies, Primary School Children, Knowledge, Skills, Training Programme.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Artificial intelligence is no longer an experimental add-on in digital marketing -- it has become part of how marketing operations are actually run. That shift raises a question that is more conceptual than technical: should AI be understood as an efficiency layer sitting on top of existing marketing frameworks, or has it begun to reorganize the underlying logic by which marketing decisions get made in the first place? This paper takes a conceptual, literature-based approach to that question, drawing on scholarly and industry sources to examine how machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics have reshaped core marketing functions -- personalization, segmentation, content production, search discoverability, programmatic media buying, and automated customer service. The analysis suggests that AI's real contribution is less about automation for its own sake and more about its ability to operate continuously, at a scale and speed no human analyst could match, while narrowing the felt distance between brand and consumer. That contribution comes with real trade-offs, however. Four tensions recur throughout the literature: the erosion of consumer privacy expectations, the risk of algorithmic bias carried forward from historically skewed data, a gap between operational efficiency and the quality of the customer relationship as consumers actually experience it, and the strategic danger of treating AI adoption as a replacement for marketing strategy rather than a tool for executing it. The paper concludes that organizations deriving durable value from AI tend to be the ones using it to support human marketing judgment, not to replace it.

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 Keywords

Artificial intelligence, digital marketing, personalization, machine learning, consumer behavior, marketing automation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important contributors to employment, entrepreneurship, local production and regional economic development. Their performance depends not only on finance, technology and markets but also on how effectively they attract, develop, motivate and retain employees. This article examines human resource management (HRM) practices in SMEs with special reference to Kalaburagi, Bidar and Raichur districts of Karnataka. The study adopts a conceptual and secondary-data-based approach and does not use a questionnaire or fabricate primary survey results. The analysis focuses on recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation and rewards, employee welfare, employee relations, statutory compliance, digital HR practices and retention. The regional context is significant because the three districts form part of the Kalyana Karnataka region, where policy initiatives emphasise MSME clusters, technology upgrading, labour management, finance, markets and knowledge. Karnataka Economic Survey evidence indicates substantial MSME employment in the three districts. The article argues that HRM in SMEs is often informal and owner-driven, but that basic formalisation of recruitment, job roles, training, performance feedback, wage administration, grievance handling and digital employee records can improve productivity and employee stability. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for SME owners, HR practitioners, industry associations and public agencies.

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Keywords: Human Resource Management, SMEs, MSMEs, Recruitment, Training, Employee Performance, Employee Retention, Kalaburagi, Bidar, Raichur, Karnataka

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The purpose of research was to study of Nomophobia and Stubborness Among College Students. For this purpose, total 120 college students (60 males, 60 females) were taken as a sample. Nomophobia scale and Stubbornness scale was used for measuring. Nomophobia scale was developed by Dr. Dhara R. Doshi and Unnati Desai, Neha bediya, hiteshri agheda (2025). Stubbornness scale was developed by Dr. Dhara R. Doshi and Kartavi N. Bhatt (2024). t-test was used for data analysis. The result of nomophobia was found (t = 1.25) and the result of stubbornness was found (t = 0.85). The result of correlation between nomophobia and stubbornness was found (r = 0.21). The result was found that, there was Significant Effect of nomophobia on stubbornness in college students. There was a positive correlation found between nomophobia and stubbornness.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Nomophobia, Stubbornness, Gender

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Maternal mortality and women's nutritional status are important indicators of population health and are closely linked to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 2 and SDG 3 This study examines the progress and inter-state variations in maternal mortality in India and assesses the relationship between women's nutritional status and maternal mortality across States and Union Territories. The findings indicate that the national maternal mortality indicator declined from 22.58% in 2016 to 19.17% in 2021, with a historical rate of change of 3.33, suggesting overall improvement in maternal health outcomes. However, substantial inter-state disparities remain. States such as Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland and Uttarakhand recorded notable improvements, whereas some States and Union Territories showed an increase in the maternal mortality indicator during the study period.The study further examines the association between the nutrition indicator and maternal mortality in 2021. The Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.676 (p < 0.001) indicates a statistically significant and moderately strong positive association between the two indicators. This finding suggests that States with higher values of the selected nutrition indicator also tend to report higher maternal mortality, depending on the construction and direction of the nutrition indicator

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Maternal mortality, women's nutritional status, Sustainable Development Goals, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Teachers are the foundation of learning, their values, knowledge and instructional methods influences the young minds who are the emerging generations for nations progress, for which responsibilities bear upon teachers to stay update along with the evolving pedagogies, policies and technological advancement which is why professional development for teacher is exceedingly vital and considered as an essential priority. The NEP-2020 educational policy highlights the significance and need of teacher professional development for holistic and transformative learning and supports the need for ongoing refinement of teaching skills and knowledge of teachers. Investment in professional development strengthens the educational eco-system that empowers the educators to meaningfully contribute to both self and students' growth leading to nations progress. Thus, with the intend to present possibilities that can facilitate to develop impactful teacher professional development, this study will consider and encompass all mode of teacher professional development, based on which the study will aim to explore valuable insights that make teacher professional development effective. Also, identify key strategies that can make professional development effective will be discussed here. The study will employ analytical method, so as to review and analyze different existing literature. The study concludes that intensive and critical study is proposed to uncover any root cause that hinders in leading towards acquiring effective quality teacher professional development goals.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Teacher professional development, teacher training, effective professional development, teacher learning, enhancing student learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

First Aid, Medical Emergencies, School Teachers, Primary School Children, Knowledge, Attitude, School Health.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition